2.2 (Quiz 1) Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Inhibits bacterial growth
A
Bacteriostatic
2
Q
Bacteria present and still alive
A
Bacteriostatic
3
Q
Host immune system removes bacteria
A
Bacteriostatic
4
Q
when combined can become bactericidal
A
Bacteriostatic
5
Q
Kills bacteria
A
Bactericidal
6
Q
of viable bacteria decreases to zero
A
Bactericidal
7
Q
Eventually no viable bacteria present
A
Bactericidal
8
Q
treat gram positive and gram negative or wide range of disease causing bacteria
A
Broad spectrum
9
Q
disrupt native, normal bacteria in the body due to board spectrum antibiotics (common in penicillins, cephalosporins)
A
Superinfection
10
Q
useful for only gram positive, only negative, or specific group of bacteria
A
Narrow spectrum
11
Q
why are is bacterial cell wall synthesis a good target?
A
No cell wall in human cells
12
Q
why are is protein synthesis a good target?
A
Translation machinery (ribosomes) differ in bacteria and eukaryotes
13
Q
why are is folic acid pathway a good target?
A
Human cells do not synthesis folic acid
14
Q
why are is nucleic acid metabolism a good target?
A
Target enzyme that is different or only in bacteria
15
Q
β-Lactams
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)
16
Q
Pencillins
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)
17
Q
Cephalosporins
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)
18
Q
Carbepenams
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)
19
Q
Monobactams
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)
20
Q
Vancomycin
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics
21
Q
Bacitracin
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics
22
Q
Daptomycin
A
Cell Wall Antibiotics
23
Q
Aminoglycosides
A
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)
24
Q
Glycylcycline
A
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)
25
Tetracyclines
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)
26
Chloramphenicol
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)
27
Macrolides
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)
28
Linezolid
Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)
29
Clavulanic acid
Resistance Antibiotics
30
Sulbactam
Resistance Antibiotics
31
Tazobactam
Resistance Antibiotics
32
Sulfonamides
DNA Antibiotics (Folate)
33
Trimethoprim
DNA Antibiotics (Folate)
34
Floroquinolones
DNA Antibiotics (DNA Damaging)
35
TP inhibitor
β-Lactams mechanism
36
β-Lactams, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bactericidal
37
allergic reactions (anaphylaxis, rashes, nephritis)
β-Lactams adverse effects
38
β-Lactamases, structural change in transpeptidase (PBP), change in structure of porin channels of gram negative outer membrane
β-Lactams resistance
39
co-adminstering β-Lactams inhibitor (i.e. clavulanic acid)
Overcome β-Lactams resistance
40
MRSA
Methicillin Resistant S. aureus
41
encodes for unique, altered penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) with low binding affinity for β-lactam antibiotics
MecA (MRSA)
42
With each progressive generation of cephalosporin, there is an __ in sensitivity to β-Lactamases and __ in broad
increased, increased
43
1st generation cephalosporin
Cefazolin
44
2nd generation cephalosporin
Cefuroxime
45
3rd generation cephalosporin
Ceftriaxone
46
Can pass the blood-brain-barrier (effective for meningitis)
Ceftriaxone
47
4th generation cephalosporin
Cefepime
48
Increase activity against pseudomonas
Cefepime
49
5th generation cephalosporin
Ceftaroline
50
Cephalosporin active against MRSA
Ceftaroline
51
inhibits elongation of peptidoglycan chain
Vancomycin mechanism
52
Vancomycin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bactericidal
53
altered binding site (D-ala-D-ala)
Vancomycin resistance
54
MRSA active (1st line), oral for C.diff
Vancomycin therapeutics
55
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, “red man syndrome” flushing caused by rapid IV administration
Vancomycin adverse effects
56
complexes with diphosphorylated lipid carrier (lipid carrier recycling inhibitor) and prevents cell wall synthesis
Bacitracin mechanism
57
Bacitracin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
both
58
minor skin infections
Bacitracin therapeutics
59
marked nephrotoxicity limited use to topical
Bacitracin adverse effects
60
forms pores in cell membrane
Daptomycin mechanism
61
Daptomycin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bactericidal
62
active against VRE and alternative to vancomycin for MRSA
Daptomycin therapeutics
63
skeletal muscle pain and weakness
Daptomycin adverse effects
64
Aminoglycoside mechanism
30S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)
65
Aminoglycoside, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bactericidal
66
commonly used in combination with β-lactams which act synergistically and extend coverage (β-lactams needed to get through cell wall/membrane)
Aminoglycoside therapeutics
67
decreased glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) can lead to even greater toxicity because aminoglycoside excretion depends on kidneys
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity
68
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline mechanism
30S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)
69
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic
70
incorporates into bones and teeth, not for children or during pregnancy
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline adverse effects
71
widespread resistance, but still useful for MRSA
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline resistance mechanisms
72
Macrolide mechanism
50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)
73
Macrolide, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic
74
cholestatic hepatitis (obstruction of bile secretion), GI motility issues, cardiac arrhythmias
Macrolide adverse effects
75
efflux pump decreases drug concentration, production of methylase that adds methyl group to 23S rRNA drug binding site in ribosome
Macrolide resistance
76
Chloramphenicol mechanism
50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)
77
Chloramphenicol, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic
78
bone marrow suppression, serious and fatal blood disorders
Chloramphenicol adverse effects
79
plasmid-mediated expression of acetyltransferase that inactivates the drug
Chloramphenicol resistance
80
Linezolid mechanism
50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)
81
Linezolid, bactericidal or bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic
82
bone marrow depression (especially thrombocytopenia), serotonin syndrome (drug interaction)
Linezolid adverse effects
83
rare, currently no cross resistance with other protein synthesis inhibitor drugs
Linezolid resistance
84
dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor
Sulfonamide mechanism
85
dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor (bacterial DHFR more sensitive to inhibition than human DHFR)
Trimethoprim mechanism
86
almost always used together, synergistic (can use lower doses of each), well-tolerated
Sulfonamide/trimethoprim therapeutics
87
Inhibits bacterial DNA gyros (topo I) in gram-negative bacteria
Ciprofloxacin mechanism
88
Inhibits topo IV in gram-positive bacteria
Ciprofloxacin mechanism
89
tendonitis and tendon rupture
Ciprofloxacin adverse effects
90
Drug metabolism (protein synthesis drug/s)
Aminoglycoside, Chloramphenicol
91
Decreased influx through porins due to (protein synthesis drug/s)
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline
92
Increased efflux by active pumps (protein synthesis drug/s)
Macrolide
93
Change of binding site (protein synthesis drug/s)
Tetracycline/Glycylcycline, Macrolide
94
length of time drug concentration above MIC most important
Time-dependent (Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics)
95
concentration of drug above MIC most important
Concentration-dependent (Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics)
