1.2 Theories of depression

Question 1

Waar gaat artikel Abramson over?

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 1

• Hoplessness theory
• Beck’s theory

Question 2

Hopelessness theory

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 2

The belief of not having control over:
- a situation where favorable results are unlikely
- or where unfavorable results are expected.

This might lead to depressive symptoms –> Hopeless depression (HD)

Question 3

HD symptoms

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 3

1. Sadness
2. Sleep disturbance
3. Lack of concentration
4. Lack of energy
5. Negative cognitions
6. Suicidality
7. Reduced cognitibe and motor functioning

Question 4

Negative life events or lack of positive events

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 4

Could lead to people feeling hopless.

–> Not everyone is depressed after negative life event. Inferences (dat je een vorige situatie meeneemt in een volgende situatie) could lead to development of hopelessness.

Question 5

Inferences consist of:

Abramson et al. (2002)

3

Answer 5

1. Attributing the sitation as stable and global, and seeing it as important
   Stable: likely to persist
   Global: likely to affect many areas of life
2. Believing that they will lead to other negative outcomes
3. Believing that the occurrence of the situation means that they are unworthy and not enough

Question 6

Example inferences

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 6

After failing test, a student could believe that:
- Stable and global: she has low intelligence
- Negative consequence: this will lead to her not being accepted to a university
- Negative view about self: she’s insignificant

Question 7

Figuur hoplessness theory uitgelegd

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 7

Dus als je een nega cognitieve stijl hebt + er gebeurt een negatief event dan:

Kom je bij de 3 verschillende soorten van interferentie.

Dit zorgt dat voor hopelessness

Hopelessness kan zorgen voor symptomen van depressie.

Question 8

Depressogenic inferential style

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 8

When negative life events are not present, people who tend to infer situations negatively do not have more depressive symptoms than those who do not infer this way.

–> Basically: zonder nega life event geen depressie.

Question 9

Cognitive vulnerability-stress component

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 9

Negative cognitions = cognitive vulnerability

Negative life events = stress

Question 10

Beck’s theory

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 10

Cognitive vulnerability for depression arises from dysfunctional self-schemas

Question 11

Negative cognitive triad

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 11

When negative life events (stress) occur, these depressogenic self-schemas create negative cognitions (automatic thoughts) that lead to:

1. Negative views of oneself
2. Negative views of one’s world
3. Negative views of one’s future

Question 12

Negative cognitive traid leads to

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 12

1. Sadness
2. Depression symptoms

Question 13

Example negative cognitive triad

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 13

“I am nothing if a person doesn’t love me”

Question 14

When negative life events are not present?

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 14

The dysfunctional self-schemas does not lead to automatic negative thoughts.

The importance assigned to an experience influences whether or not an event would cause cognitive vulnerability.

Question 15

Sociotrophy

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 15

If people value sociotrophy, interpersonal losses and socal rejection is likely to lead to depressive symptoms

Question 16

Autonomy

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 16

If people value automony, freedom, independence and success and theats to their personal control would cause depressive symptoms.

Question 17

Similarities Hopelessness and Beck

Abramson et al. (2002)

4

Answer 17

1. Cognition is the trigger.
2. They emphasize the cognitive vulnerability hypothesis
3. They have negative inferences affecting whether negative events would lead to depressive symptoms
4. Propose that depression could be cognitively mediated

Question 18

Vulnerability hypothesis

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 18

Negative life events in highly valued domains lead to more vulnerability.

This hypothesis both in Hoplessness and Beck.

Question 18

Differences

Cognitive processes

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 18

Processes in the cognitive system like encoding, retrieval and attentional allocation

Question 19

Differences

Cognitive products

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 19

Outcomes of the informations processing of the cognitive system, like thoughts and cognitions.

Question 20

Differences between Hoplessness and Beck

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 20

• Hoplessness focuses on cognitive products, cognitions of depressed and non-depressed vary (stable vs unstable) but process is the same.
• Beck’s theory: cognitions of depressed and nondepressed vary in content and process.
• Beck beliefs that depressive people infer information as “schema-driven” and non-depressive people would infer it as “data-driven”

Question 21

5 main predictors of these theories

Abramson et al. (2002)

Answer 21

1. Interaction between cognitive vulnerability and stress that leads to depression
2. Mediating link (hopelessness or negative cognitive triad) between negative life events and depression mentioned in both.
3. Both theories propose causal sequences that lead to a specific suptype of depreeion (HD).
4. If content of cognitive vulnerability matches content of negative life event, this is more likely to lead to depression.
5. Beck states that depressive cognition is distorted, the hoplessness theory is silent on this issue.

Question 22

Waar gaat artikel Hopwood over?

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 22

Contemporary integrative interpersonal theory (CIIT)

Question 23

CIIT

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 23

Is a personality and mental disorder model, built upon certain assumptions regarding the essence of personality and mental health conditions.

Contains of 6 assumptions.

Question 24

1e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 24

The core aspect of personality and mental health isseas are primarily shown in how people interact with each other.

–> makkelijk gezegd: personality and mental health issues door interpersoonlijk

Question 25

1e assumption: uitleg

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 25

• There is a dynamic interplay between self and others.
• Focus on recurring patterns in interpersonal situations as the main components of personality and psychopathology, instead of stable individual traits.
  These include face-to-face interactions and internal mental interactions

Question 26

1e assumption: example

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 26

A reaction to not receiving a deserved promotion, like feeling depressed, can be understood in interpersonal terms:
- Negative interaction with others: the person who didn’t promote them.
- Not meeting own expextations (compared to inner standards)

Question 27

2e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 27

The use of the dimensions ‘agency’ and ‘communion’ to organize interpersonal functioning

Question 28

2e assumtion

Agency

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 28

Tendency to take charge and assert control vs. being passive and seeking guidance from others.

Vertical axis

Question 29

2e assumption

Communion

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 29

Tendency to establish connections and be emotional close to others vs. tendency to be distant and socially reserved.

Horizontal axis

Question 30

Waarvoor kan 2e assumption gebruikt worden?

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 30

Can be used to differentiate between disorders and to differentiate people with the same disorder from eachother.

Question 31

3e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 31

The circumplex structure arranges operations consistently across various levels of experience

Question 32

3e assumption: explained

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 32

Three levels in the circumplex:
- Motives
- Stable traits
- Specific behaviour

Problems, values, strengths, influence tactics and sensitivities can also be measured using interpersonal circumplex intruments.

Different dimensions: data can be identified and applied across diverse domains using the underlying dimension in the interpersonal circumplex. This helps to create thorough explanations at various levels.

Question 33

4e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 33

Satisfying communal and agentic motives drives interpersonal behaviour

Question 34

4e assumption: explained

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 34

Goal of interpersonal behaviour is to satisfy agentic and communal motives.
- Amount of motives vary individually
- How much these and how these motives are satisfied affects psychopathology.
- People differ from their own self in various situations when different ways to satisfy their motives arise.

Question 35

A developed model differentiated between:

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 35

• Interpersonal behaviour (dominance and connection
• Motives (agency and communion)
• Emotions (arousal and emotional intensity)
• Self and others

Question 36

4e assumption: example

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 36

A person with passive-aggressive personality would get angry when they perceive manipulative dominance by others.
- Leads to conflict between agency (control) and communion (interpersonal connection)
- This conflict is resolved by demonstrating non-compliant behaviour, provoking an angry repsonse from others
- Initial pattern is reinforced

Question 37

5e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 37

The ‘interpersonal transaction cycle’ helps to predict how people might behave and makes testable predictions about the patterns of their behaviour.

(denk hierbij aan dat filmpje die deze cirkel uitlegde in de werkplek, hierin werd de cirkel ook gebruikt om mensen hun ‘plek’ en gedrag te verklaren binnen een team)

Question 38

5e assumption: explained

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 38

Dominant behaviour triggers submissive behaviour

Warm behaviour triggers warm behaviour

Perception, motivation, affect and behaviour can be used to predict interpersonal transaction cycles.

Question 39

6e assumption

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 39

Consistent deviations from these anticipated patterns usually indicate the presence of psychopathology

Question 40

6e assumption: explained

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 40

• Between-person comparison: highlight how patients differ from others
• Within-person comparison: help to identify crucial contexts (BV: when there is a connection between someone else’s dominant behaviour and the patient’s experience of anger).

Individuals with the samen disorder vary in their interpersonal styles. This can offer hints about factors that might trigger symptoms, the internal experiences associated with these symptoms, and suitable therapies for people sharing a diagnosis.

Question 41

6e assumption: 2 examples

Hopwood et al. (2021)

Answer 41

A depressed patient perceiving personal failure may struggle with the dominant-submissive axis. They become passive and self-absorbed. A therapy focusing on agency, offering succes opportunities, might be beneficial.

A depressed patient perceiving rejection may struggle with warm-cold axis. A therapy focusing on communion and warm, supportive environment might be beneficial.