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3.4C Affective Disorders > 2.1 Sex differences in depression > Flashcards

2.1 Sex differences in depression Flashcards

1
Q

Waar gaat artikel Kendler et al over?

Kendler et al. (2014)

A

Sex differences in the etiological pathway to MDD with a wide range of risk factors.

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2
Q

Results

Risk factors MDD: female

Kendler et al. (2014)

A
  1. Parental loss
  2. Divorce
  3. Low parental warmth
  4. Lifetime trauma
  5. Social support
  6. Merital dissatisfaction
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3
Q

Results

Strong, moderate, modest effects: females

Kendler et al. (2014)

A
  • Social support and marital satisfaction = strongest
  • Neuroticism and divorce = moderate
  • Parental warmth = modest

Heritability of MDD is higher in females than in males

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4
Q

Risk factors MDD: males

Kendler et al. (2014)

A
  1. Low self-esteem
  2. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA)
  3. Conduct disorder (gedragsstoornis)
  4. Past history of MDD
  5. Drug use disorder
  6. Stressful life events
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5
Q

Results

Strong, moderate, modest effects: males

Kendler et al. (2014)

A
  • Stressfull life events = strongest
  • Conduct and substance disorder = moderate
  • Sexual abuse and hisory of MDD = modest
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6
Q

Distal stressful life events that affected men more than women into 3 categories:

Kendler et al. (2014)

A
  1. Financial problems
  2. Work problems
  3. Legal problems
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7
Q

Anaclitic

Kendler et al. (2014)

A

Lack of supportive connections and unresolved reliance needs (females)

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8
Q

Introjective

Kendler et al. (2014)

A

Inability to fulfill internal expectations for one’s value and success (males)

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9
Q

Comparible effects on both gender

Kendler et al. (2014)

A

Relationship issues and serious illness in individuals in close social network

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10
Q

Waar gaat artikel Martin over?

Martin et al. (2013)

A

Misschien gender difference MDD omdat mannen andere soort symptomen ervaren dan vrouwen en dit nog niet wordt (h)erkent door DSM en therapeuten.

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10
Q

4 conceptual frameworks that addres how gender influences men’s experience, expressions and responses to depression:

Martin et al. (2013)

A
  1. Sex differences framework
  2. Masked depression framework
  3. Masculine depression framework
  4. Gender response framework
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11
Q

Two scales that evaluate male depression symptoms

Martin et al. (2013)

A
  1. The Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS)
  2. Masculine Depression Scale (MDS)
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12
Q

MSD

Martin et al. (2013)

A

Contains alternative male-type symptoms

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13
Q

Gender inclusive depression scale (GIDS)

Martin et al. (2013)

A

Combines the symptoms with traditional depression items

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14
Q

Results MDS en GIDS

Martin et al. (2013)

6

A
  1. GIDS: no sex differences found
  2. MDS: higher prevalence in men compared to women
  3. Mixed results that men would show more non-traditional symptoms than women
  4. No sign sex differences were seen at severity level
  5. Irritability was equal in men/women + depressed mood was main symptoms for both genders.
  6. Top 5 symptoms both genders: anger attacks/aggression, irritability, stress, anxiety
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15
Q

Behaviour more frequently seen in men

Martin et al. (2013)

A
  1. Substance use
  2. Anger/aggression
  3. Hyperactivity
  4. Risk taking behaviour
16
Q

Behaviour more frequently seen in women

Martin et al. (2013)

A
  1. Indecisiveness
  2. Stress
  3. Sleep disturbance
  4. Anxiety
  5. Complaintiveness
  6. Depressed mood
17
Q

Waar gaat artikel Christine Kuehner over?

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Gender differences within the internalizing spectrum

18
Q

Prevalence

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A
  • Before puberty = boys more likely MDD
  • During puberty and after= depression rises twice as much in girls
  • Females still more likely to develop depression after menopauze
19
Q

Two course moderating factors

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A
  1. Completed suicide is higher in men
  2. Mortality excess in depressed individuals compared with general population is higher in depressed men than in women
20
Q

Symptom profile

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Women:
- More atypical symptoms: increased appetite and hypersomnia
- More somatic symptoms: fatigue, pain
- More comorbidity with internalizing disorders

Men:
- More comorbidity with externalizing disorders

21
Q

Comorbidity conditions during peripartum period

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A
  • PTSD can be caused by traumatic experiences during pregnancy and childbirth and previous traumas.
  • Peripartum depression and anxiety disorders = high comorbidity
22
Q

Artefact hypothesis

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Depression is suggested to be equally likely in both genders, yet lower treatment utilization and decreased recognition of depression in men –> falselyhigher prevalence in women due to gender-specific symptoms.

Support for this is limited.

23
Q

Individual differences: biological factors

Genetic factors

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Heritability = 30-40%.

Mixed findings that this is higher in women than in men.

24
Q

Individual differences: biological factors

Gene-environment (G*E) studies

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

This looks at whether genetic factors affect an individual’s psyhological susceptibility to be affected from stressful life events.

Short-allele variant of 5-HTT (serotonin transporter) carriers are susceptible to developing depression following environmental stress

25
Q

Individual differences: biological factors

Hormones

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Hormonal fluctuations (puberty, post-partum, parinatal etc.) have been linked to increased depression risk for women

26
Q

Individual differences: biological factors

Psychological stress response

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Men show stronger physiological responses to psychosocial factors, including HPA-axis activation, higher blood pressure, and more nega/aggressive responses.

27
Q

Individual differences: psychological factors

Temperament, personality and coping styles

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Girls: more effortful control (attention regulation and impulse inhibition.

Boys: more active and impulsive (externalizing problems)

  • Neuroticism and negative affect: not differ between sexes in early childhood, vanaf adolescence: women experience this more.
  • Ruminative response stule: repetitive thinking about one’s problems –> mainly linked to neuroticism, which is more common in women
28
Q

Individual differences: psychological factors

Previous anxiety disorders

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Comorbit anxiety disorders = higher in women.

Previous anxiety = higher risk depression in both genders, however, higher lifetime anxiety prevalence is higher in women

29
Q

Childhood abuse

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Can lead to dysfunctional development of the endocrine stress response.
- Women: higher chance of facing partner violence
- Female victims are twice as likely to experience depression compared to women who have not experienced such violence.

30
Q

Social structural gender inequalities

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Women with lower gender inequality faced depression more often than women with high gender equality.

31
Q

Conclusion

Christine Kuehner (2017)

A

Study suggests that depression is more common among women than men due to a complex interplay of biological, psychological and societal factors.

3.4C Affective Disorders (16 decks)

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