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z:Anat 200 > Part 2: Introduction to skeletal tissue > Flashcards

Part 2: Introduction to skeletal tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of cartilage

A

-supports soft tissue
-shock absorbing surface at articulations (joint)
-model for majority of bone formation

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2
Q

4 properties of cartilage

A

-resists compression
-firm yet flexible
-avascular
-covered by connective tissue sheath

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3
Q

cartilage is able to resist compression because of ___

A

high amount of ground substance

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4
Q

only CT without blood vessels is ____

A

cartilage (need to be associated with other CT)

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5
Q

avascular nature of cartilage restricts ____ & ___

A

thickness & capability to heal

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6
Q

cartilage coved by which CT sheath (name & type)

A

perichondrium (dense irregular CT)

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7
Q

cartilage type without CT sheath (2)

A

-fibrocartilage & articular cartilage

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8
Q

formation of cartilage cells process

A

mesenchymal cells -> chondroblasts -> chondrocytes

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9
Q

mesenchymal cells are the origin of ___

A

all CT

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10
Q

mesenchymal cells are the ___ of cartilage

A

stem cells

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11
Q

chondroblasts secrete ___

A

matrix (ECM)

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12
Q

chondrocytes are the ___ of cartilage

A

body guards

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13
Q

chondrocytes maintain ____

A

the matrix (ECM)

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14
Q

If chondrocytes die. then _____

A

cartilage becomes bone

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15
Q

types of cartilage is based on ___ & ____ of ECM

A

composition & structure

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16
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline
-elastic
-fibrocartilage

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17
Q

most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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18
Q

hyaline cartilage provides ___, ____, & ____

A
  • flexibility, support & resilience
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19
Q

hyaline cartilage is found in ____(4)

A

-growth plates
-respiratory cartilage
-nasal cartilage
-articular cartilage

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20
Q

elastic cartilage provides ____ to maintain ____ while ____

A

-more elasticity
-shape of structure
-allowing flexibility

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21
Q

elastic cartilage is found in ___ (2)

A

-epiglottis
-external ear

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22
Q

fibrocartilage is _____

A

highly compressed with great tensile strength

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23
Q

fibrocartilage is found in ___ (4)

A

knee. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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24
Q

4 functions of bone tissue

A

-support & protect soft tissues
-support general body shape
-muscle/tendon attachments
-dynamic mineral storage

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25
Q

red and yellow marrow are both ___

A

connective tissue

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26
Q

red marrow is CT in ___ where ____ occurs

A

-medullary cavity
-blood formation

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27
Q

yellow marrows is CT in ___ where ____ is stored

A

-medullary cavity
-adipose tissue

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28
Q

bone is able to resist compressive stress due to ____

A

calcium phosphate (minerals- very strong but inflexible)

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29
Q

bone is able to resist stretching, bending & twisting stress due to ___

A

collagen fibers (tough & flexible)

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30
Q

bone is composed of inorganic + organic components:

A

-calcium phosphate
-collagen fibers

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31
Q

bone cells are ___ in mineralized matrix

A

embedded

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32
Q

bone is covered by which type of CT?

A

dense irregular CT

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33
Q

bone is alive via ___

A

high vascularization

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34
Q

dense irregular CT outside bone is called ____

A

periosteum

35
Q

dense irregular CT within bone is called ____

A

endosteum

36
Q

bone remodels under ___

A

influence of forces

37
Q

bone is anisotropic which means it has ____

A

different strength depending on its orientation

38
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of bone

39
Q

diaphysis

A

middle or shaft of the bone

40
Q

spongy (cancellous/trabecular) bone

A

open network; shape + direction depends on external forces

41
Q

metaphysis

A

where the epiphysis + diaphysis meet

42
Q

spongy/trabecular bone found @

A

metaphysis

43
Q

compact (cortical) bone

A

dense & solid (lamellae-circles); thickness + density depends on external forces

44
Q

periosteum + endosteum are ____ CT and contain ___ & ____

A

-highly vascularized
-stem cells and sensory nerves

45
Q

appositional growth, which is ___, can occur at ___ & ____

A

-growth that increases in diameter
-periosteum
-endosteum

46
Q

Mesenchymal cells are ____ of bone

A

stem (osteogenic) cells

47
Q

Osteoblasts secrete ____

A

matrix

48
Q

matrix of bone is ___

A

osteoid = collagen

49
Q

osteocytes maintain _____

A

matrix (lacunae/canaliculi)

50
Q

osteoclasts (monocytes) reabsorb ____

A

matrix

51
Q

functional unit of bone is ____

A

osteons

52
Q

osteons are oriented ___ to line of stress

A

parallel

53
Q

osteons formed by ____

A

osteocytes organizing in concentric layers around central canal with blood vessels and nerves

54
Q

two types of bone development

A

-intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification

55
Q

intramembranous ossification occurs in ____

A

flat bone like crania, face

56
Q

in intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts differentiate ____

A

directly form mesenchymal tissue (mesenchyme -> bone)

57
Q

endochondral ossification occurs in ___

A

long bones (ed. limbs,ribs, vertebrae)

58
Q

in endochondral ossification, bone replaces ___

A

a hyaline cartilage template

59
Q

Intramembranous growth process

A

1) chemical message tells mesenchymal cells to crowd together
2) differentiate osteogenic cells -> osteoblasts.
3) osteoblasts secreting ECM (osteoid) forms an ossification center (multiple formed)
4) Osteoid calcifies over time with minerals.
5) Osteoblasts become trapped osteocytes in lacunae (project cytoplasmic processes via canaliculi)
6) Developing bone (calcified matrix) forms trabeculae (spongy bone) & blood vessels supply the new bone -> trapped blood vessels become red marrow
7) Mesenchymal cells around outside of bone condense to form periosteum
8) Thin layer of cortical bone is deposited over the trabeculae

60
Q

Endochondral growth (pre-natal)

A

1) Mesenchymal cells -> chondroblasts -> secrete matrix to create hyaline cartilage model -> chondrocytes
2) Mesenchymal cells condense to form outer covering (perichondrium)
3) Hypertrophic (large) chondrocytes secrete an attractant for blood vessels then die
4) Invading blood vessels stimulate cells differentiate into osteoblasts (perichondrium) & osteoclasts (blood)
5) Cells will make & remodel bone -> primary ossification centre (just one)
6) At the same time osteoblasts differentiate in the perichondrium (now called the periosteum) & create a bony collar

61
Q

Endochondral growth (post-natal)

A

1) At birth -> diaphysis mostly ossified, but the epiphyses (ends) are still cartilage
2) After birth, secondary ossification centres appear in the epiphyses (same process as seen for the primary ossification centre)
3) Secondary ossification centres expand to ossify most of the epiphysis
4) The epiphyseal cartilage plate (metaphysis) remains between epiphysis & diaphysis
5) Epiphyseal (growth) plate -> most of the
lengthening (interstitial) growth of the bone occurs through proliferation of chondrocytes & replacement by bone

62
Q

ossification of growth plate means what?

A

no more growth in length (but can still change shape)

63
Q

Bone is remodelled throughout life, but will not grow in length after ______

A

growth plates close

64
Q

Inactivity & age does what?

A

decreases cellular bone activity

65
Q

Bones can grow appositionally in response to ______

A

stimuli (muscular activity) or bone damage

66
Q

Interstitial growth is ____

A

growth in length

67
Q

Appositional growth is ___

A

change in diameter (overall shape of bone)

68
Q

Bone remodeling and repair process

A
  1. Fracture hematoma: rupture of blood -> hemorrhage
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus (soft): invasion of macrophages + collagen + cartilage - no structural rigidity
  3. Bony (hard) callus: healthy blood vessels are produced, bringing in osteogenic cells -> osteoblasts
  4. Bone remodeling: remodeling of the repaired portion, Osteoclast activity increases to remove dead/damaged cells, spongy bone => cortical bone
69
Q

Joints (articulations) are places of contact between
___ (3)

A
  • Bone & bone
  • Bone & cartilage
  • Bone & tooth
70
Q

motion at joint goes from ____ (ex. ____) to ____ (ex. ___)`

A

no movement at all
sutures
extensive movement
shoulder

71
Q

structure of joint determines its ____ & _____

A

mobility
stability

72
Q

↑ mobility of joint = ____ stability of joint

A

↓

73
Q

Joints can be classified in two ways: ______

A

1) The connective tissue that binds the bones together & the potential space between them
2) Functionality

74
Q

Fibrous joints (def + examples)

A

Bones held together by (fibrous) connective tissue;
cranial sutures
interosseous membrane- between radius & ulna, between two bones - “syndesmosis”
gomphosis - in teeth

75
Q

Cartilaginous joints (def. )

A

where bones are joined by cartilage

76
Q

Two types of Cartilaginous joints

A

1) Primary or synchondrosis
2) Secondary or symphysis

77
Q

Primary or _____: (def. + example + movement + found in ___)

A

synchondrosis
temporary cartilaginous union between bones
cartilage of growth plate
no movement
people who are growing

78
Q

Secondary or _____: (def + example + movement + function)

A

symphysis
permanent cartilaginous (fibrocartilage) union between bones
intervertebral discs; public symphysis
very little movement
compression; resistance

79
Q

Synovial joints:

A

fluid-filled cavity that separates cartilage covered joint surfaces

80
Q

In synovial joints, bones are united by ____ containing _____. This membrane will help to ______

A

capsule
synovial fluid
absorb shock & provides nutrients to the articulation

81
Q

Most common joints of body is ______ because it allows _____

A

synovial joints
motion

82
Q

A hinge joint is ___ whereas a ball-and-socket joint is ____.

A

-unaxial
-multiaxial

83
Q

The _______of a synovial joint dictates its
_____

A

shape of the articular surfaces
range of movement

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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