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z:Anat 200 > Part 7: Respiratory system > Flashcards

Part 7: Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respir. system

A

-Exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the blood
-Filtration, temperature regulation & humidification of inspired air
-Olfaction - sense of smell
-Production of sound

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2
Q

label parts of system

A

blue: nasal cavity
purple: nose
orange: larynx
yellow: trachea
black: smaller airways
grey: diaphragm
green: lungs
red: pharynx

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3
Q

upper division of respiratory system function & infection

A

-filtering and warming air
-cold

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4
Q

lower division of respiratory system function & infection

A

-filtering, respiratory action
-pneumonia bronchitis

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5
Q

upper RS and lower RS separated by ____

A

larynx

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6
Q

Two functional portions of RS

A

-conducting portion -brings air in/out of lungs
-respiratory portion - where gas exchange happens

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7
Q

label upper RS

A

blue: external nares
green: nasal vestibule (can pinch)
yellow: conchae (bony shells covered in mucosa)
red: internal nares (end of nasal cavity)
black: nasopharynx
grey: eustachian tube - connected to middle ear (air filled chamber)
orange: oropharynx
purple: epiglottis
pink: laryngopharynx

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8
Q

conchae (aka ____) increase ____

A

turbinate
SA to warm the air

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9
Q

hard palate separates ____

A

nasal and oral cavities

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10
Q

swallowing mechanism

A

1) tongue pushes bolus against hard palate
2) tongue pushes bolus backwards into soft palate
3) bolus is in oropharynx
4) larynx moves up closing epiglottis

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11
Q

label

A

1) hard palate
2) soft palate
3) tongue
4) bolus
5) epiglottis
6) larynx
7) trachea

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12
Q

this is the ____ : the site where _____

A

root (hilum) of the lung
blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves & airways enter and leave lungs

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13
Q

label lateral view of lungs

A

red: apex
green: horizontal fissure
blue: oblique fissure
purple: base
grey: superior
black: inferior lobe - on the posterior side
yellow: middle
orange: cardiac notch
pink: lingula

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14
Q

each lobe in lung is ___

A

almost completely separate

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15
Q

label medial view

A

blue: hilum
yellow: superior
green: middle
grey: inferior
black: horizontal fissure
red: oblique fissure
orange: cardiac impression ( + aortic impression around hilum)

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16
Q

pleura of lungs are a ___ membrane + function

A

serous membrane (split into left and right pleura cavity)
reduces friction during respiration

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17
Q

label pleura + function

A

red- parietal pleura: covers inside of body wall (ribs + diaphragm included)
blue - visceral pleura: covers lungs

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18
Q

space between pleura is _____

A

intrapleural space (has serous fluid)

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19
Q

the pleural recesses are ____ that provide _____

A

-parts of the pleura that extend past lungs
-additional space for the lungs to expand during forced inspiration

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20
Q

pleura folds ____

A

in on itself to create two layers

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21
Q

label major airways

A

blue: trachea
red: primary bronchi
yellow: secondary & tertiary bronchi
green: bronchioles
purple: terminal bronchioles (last part of conducting portion of RS)

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22
Q

this is the distinguishing feature of conducting RS

A

cartilage rings

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23
Q

label

A

blue: esophagus
green: cartilage rings
red: smooth muscle
yellow: trachea
purple: larynx
black: primary bronchi

24
Q

bronchioles have no ____

A

cartilage

25
Q

terminal bronchiole vs respiratory bronchioles

A

no alveoli vs some alveoli

26
Q

alveoli has highly associated with _____

A

capillaries

27
Q

label terminal airways

A

blue: terminal bronchiole (last conducting airway)
orange: respiratory bronchioles
purple: alveolar ducts
green: alveolar sac

28
Q

conducting airways do what while respiratory do what?

A

-warms, moistens, and conducts air
-both conduct air & respire

29
Q

structure and function of airway wall

A

Cartilage -Found in larger airways , Helps keep airways open

Smooth muscle- mostly in smaller airways, controls diameter of airway

Elastic Fibers- predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion

30
Q

Constriction of smooth muscle in smaller airways reduces _____; Elastic recoil provides _____

A

airflow
force for expiration

31
Q

Smooth muscle contraction in bronchioles caused by:

A

Parasympathetic nerve stimulation
Mediators of allergic reactions (histamine)

32
Q

asthmatic airway during attack has ___

A

tightened smooth muscle with inflamed and thickened wall

33
Q

Emphysema is the ___ which lowers ___ and reduces____. It is caused by ___

A

breakdown of alveolar walls
SA for gas exchange; reduced efficiency
elastic recoil due to loss of elastic fibers
smoking, other irritants, (pollution, dust)

34
Q

respiratory epithelium in nasal cavity, nasopharynx, large airways

A

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium (cilated)
-mucus layer floats on serous layer

35
Q

respiratory epithelium in oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

36
Q

respiratory epithelium as you move into smaller tubes (general)

A

-Simple columnar
-Simple cuboidal
-Simple squamous

37
Q

alveolar wall is (epithelial type) ____ so ___

A

simple squamous epithelial (thin) so air and blood are very close together

38
Q

How many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule cross to pass from air space to bind a hemoglobin molecule in a red blood cell?

A

5

39
Q

label path of oxygen molecule

A

1) alveolar epithelial cell
2) basement membrane
3+4) capillary endothelial cell
5) RBC PM

40
Q

types of alveolar cells are ___

A

-lined by continuous monolayer type I alveolar cells (most of surface)
-type II alveolar cells (7%)

41
Q

Type II alveolar cells function

A

-produce surfactant (detergent: contains lipoproteins)- reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
-progenitor cells in injury to type I cells, multiply + differentiate into type I cells

42
Q

surfactant prevents _____

A

alveolar walls from sticking together and collapsing

43
Q

Alveolar Macrophages function

A

They Ingest debris in alveoli which enter airways and become trapped in mucus sheets and carried toward pharynx by ciliary action

44
Q

label pathway

A

red: pulmonary vein
blue: alveolar capillaries
yellow: lymphatic vessel
green: airway
purple: pulmonary artery

45
Q

pulmonary veins don’t ____, carry ____ and travel in ___

A

follow pathway of bronchi
oxygenated blood
interlobular CT

46
Q

pulmonary lymphatic vessels don’t ____, carry ____ and travel in ___

A

follow pathway of bronchi
extra fluid
interlobular CT

47
Q

pulmonary arteries carry ____ and travel + branch_ ___

A

deoxygenated blood
with airways

48
Q

each capillary is trapped ____

A

between two alveolar sac

49
Q

diaphragm is ____ covered in____ + label

A

thin layer dome
parietal pleura

red -heart pericardial sac
blue- inferior vena cava
green - diaphragm
yellow - aorta

50
Q

pleural cavities are _____ spaces so when it expands, pressure ______. When diaphragm contracts, lungs ____ and what happens?

A

closed
decreases
expand to equalize pressure
inspiration happens (air moves into lungs

51
Q

Muscles of Quiet Breathing (____): Inhalation

A

Eupnea

Contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm increases volume of pleural cavity, causing inhalation.

52
Q

Muscles of Quiet Breathing: Exhalation

A

Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm decreases volume of pleural cavity, causing exhalation.

53
Q

Muscles of Forced Inhalation

A

external intercostals + diaphragm
(plus) muscles that elevate rib cage
scalenes - elevates ribs 1-2
pectoralis minor -elevates ribs 3-5
sternocleidomastoid- elevates sternum

54
Q

Muscles of Forced Exhalation

A

internal intercostals
(plus) Muscles that depress the rib cage can help with exhalation
abdominal wall muscles -moves ribs inferiorly, move diaphragm up

55
Q

Exhalation(quiet breathing) is due to two things:

A

Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm
Elastic recoil of lung tissue

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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