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z:Anat 200 > Part 5: Neuron & brain structure > Flashcards

Part 5: Neuron & brain structure Flashcards

1
Q

two parts of the nervous system

A

-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

parts of central nervous system

A

-spinal cord
-brain

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3
Q

parts of peripheral nervous system

A

-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves

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4
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

-integrate, process, coordinate sensory data (everything you sense)
-controls motor commands (conscious/unconscious)

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5
Q

4 higher functions

A

-intelligence
-memory
-learning
-emotions

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6
Q

what does the PNS do?

A

-carries sensory info from receptors to CNS
-carrier motor commands from CNS to PNS

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7
Q

PNS has ___ & _____ division

A

-afferent
-efferent

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8
Q

afferent division of PNS

A

towards midline; carries sensory info to CNS

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9
Q

efferent division of PNS

A

away from midline; carries motor info from CNS

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10
Q

brain contain (3)_____

A

-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem

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11
Q

brainstem connects to ___

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

collection of cell bodies in CNS is called ____

A

nucleus (nuclei)

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13
Q

collection of axons in CNS is called ___

A

tracts

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14
Q

collection of cell bodies in PNS is called ___

A

ganglia

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15
Q

collection of axons in PNS is called ___

A

nerves

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16
Q

PNS spilit into two parts: ____

A

-somatic
-automatic (visceral)

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17
Q

somatic system and autonomic system spilt into two parts:____

A

-motor
-sensory

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18
Q

motor system of autonomic system split into two parts:____

A

-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

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19
Q

sensory system of autonomic system allows for ____

A

-identification of general pain/injury to organs (very broad)

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20
Q

autonomic system affects ____

A

mostly organs, cardiac and smooth muscle

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21
Q

sympathetic system: ___ system

A

flight or fight

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22
Q

parasympathetic system:____ system

A

rest or digest

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23
Q

two types of cells in nervous system

A

-neurons
-neuroglia

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24
Q

neurons are ___

A

nerve cells that conduct signals

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25
Q

neuroglia are ____

A

support cells for neurons

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26
Q

neurons form ____ via ___

A

connections to other cells via synapses

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27
Q

the brain has about ____neurons

A

100 billion

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28
Q

neurons are specialized ____

A

messenger cells

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29
Q

A neuron can form ____ connections with other neurons

A

-100,000

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30
Q

all or none response (def.)

A

the addition of all the signals from other neurons to determine whether the neuron is depolarized

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31
Q

the functional unit of CNS/PNS

A

-neurons

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32
Q

neurons encode _____ and does what?

A

information and transmits it to other neuronal/non-neuronal cells

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33
Q

parts of neurons

A

dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon
synaptic terminals

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34
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron before the synapse

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35
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron after the synapse

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36
Q

dendrites do what?

A

receive information/input from other neurons and carry signals to cell body

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37
Q

synapse are ____

A

the point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell

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38
Q

synapase transmits ___ via ___

A

nerve impulse via neurotransmitters

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39
Q

neurons turn _____ signals into ___ signals

A

-electrical into chemical

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40
Q

3 differences between motor neurons and sensory neurons

A

-sensory has two axons
-sensory cell body off to the side
-motor: dendrites attached to cell body (1 axon)

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41
Q

all sensory neurons have their cell bodies in _____

A

PNS/ganglia

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42
Q

somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in _____

A

spinal cord/CNS

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43
Q

neuroglia cells in PNS

A

schwann cells and satellite glial cells

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44
Q

neuroglia cells in CN

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-ependymal cells

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45
Q

satellite cells do two things?

A

-surround sensory neuronal cell body
-supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2, CO2)

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46
Q

schwann cells do two things?

A

-myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor)
-one schwann cell per myelinated segment

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47
Q

myelin acts as a ___ for ____

A

phospholipid/fat layer (very little cytoplasm) for insulation

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48
Q

nodes of ranvier are ____

A

spaces between schwann cells on the nerve

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49
Q

myelin is a ___ to allow ____

A

conducting protective membrane to allow signal to travel down the cell

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50
Q

nodes of ranvier allows for the ____ so ___

A

topping off signals so it doesn’t run out

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51
Q

astrocytes do what?

A

-maintain the blood-brain barrier, wraps around the blood vessels

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52
Q

oligodendrocytes do what?

A

-wrapping with segments of axon with myelin and form structural framework

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53
Q

microglia do what?

A

-macrophages; brain doesn’t have macrophages because of blood-brain barrier

54
Q

ependymal cells do what?

A

-line ventricles of brain, make cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

astrocytes create ___

A

scarring after injury

56
Q

oligodendrocytes ( # myelin per cell)?

A

multiple

57
Q

brain is floating in _____

A

cerebrospinal fluid

58
Q

meninges do what?

A

-cover and protect the CNS

59
Q

Layers of meninges (top to bottom)

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

60
Q

CNS protection layers (top to bottom)

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-fluid filled sac with csf + blood vessels
-pia mater

61
Q

dura mater is the ___

A

tough outer layer

62
Q

arachnoid mater is ___

A

see through (can see the blood vessels)

63
Q

when you are touching the brain, you’re actually touching ____

A

pia mater

64
Q

hills and valleys of brain respectively

A

-gyrus (gyri)- hills
-sulcus (sulci) - valleys

65
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A

-cerebrum/cerebral cortex
-brainstem
-cerebellum

66
Q

_____ sides of cerebrum/cerebellum

A

2 (two)

67
Q

5 functions of cerebrum

A

-higher cognitive function
-language and speech
-somatic motor function
-somatic sensory function
-regulate emotional parts of behavior

68
Q

coordination and regulating of movement (planning area of brain) is _____

A

-basal ganglia

69
Q

hemispheres of the brain

A

-left and right hemisphere

70
Q

hemispheres between the brain: connected/unconnected?

A

-connected

71
Q

fissure that seem between the left and right hemisphere?

A

-longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure

72
Q

poles of the brain?

A

-frontal pole- anterior
-temporal pole (2): side
-occipital pole- posterior

73
Q

4 lobes of cerebrum

A

-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital

74
Q

frontal & parietal lobe separated by?

A

-central (Rolandic) sulcus

75
Q

temporal lobe separated by?

A

-lateral (sylvian) fissure

76
Q

frontal lobe controls 4 things?

A

-thinking
-planning
-personality
-motor planning (primary motor cortex)

77
Q

parietal lobe controls 2 things?

A

-sensory (primary somatosensory cortex)
-perception of self in space

78
Q

primary motor & somatosensory cortex separated by ___

A

central sulcus

79
Q

occiptal lobe controls?

A

vision

80
Q

temporal lobe controls 3 things?

A

learning & memory & hearing

81
Q

preCG is the _____

A

precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

82
Q

postCG is the _____

A

postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)

83
Q

motor homunculus is a ______

A

map of motor controls in preCG

84
Q

somatosensory homunculus is a _____

A

map of sensory info from body in postCG

85
Q

motor homunculus and somatosensory homunculus _____

A

lines up/overlap in areas of control

86
Q

matter of the brain (two types)

A

grey matter
white matter

87
Q

grey matter found in what area of the brain?

A

cortex

88
Q

white matter is the ___

A

medulla

89
Q

color of white matter is due to the ____

A

white color of the myelin fat

90
Q

grey matter (cortex) contain ___ (2)

A

neuronal cell bodies + dendrites

91
Q

four types of fiber tracts in brain

A

-short association fibres
-long association fibres
-commissural fibres
-projection fibres

92
Q

association fibers are ____

A

intrahemispheric connections

93
Q

commissural fibres are ____

A

interhemispheric connections

94
Q

projection fibers ____

A

travel to and from cortex (spinal cord)

95
Q

cerebellum acts as ____

A

compactor that compares intended movement with current movement and corrects for errors

96
Q

cerebellum ensures that ____

A

movements are smooth, coordinated and purposeful (skilled)

97
Q

cerebellum regulates ___

A

posture and balance

98
Q

cerebellar ataxia involves ____

A

-intention tremor, lack of balance and coordination

99
Q

3 parts of brainstem

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

100
Q

sensory neuron (unipolar/multipolar)?

A

(pseudo)unipolar

101
Q

motor neuron (unipolar/mutlipolar)

A

multipolar

102
Q

If you can see blood vessels on the brain, you are looking at the ____ mater

A

arachnoid

103
Q

short association fibers connect _____

A

adjacent gyri

104
Q

long association fibers connect ___

A

cerebral lobes

105
Q

commissural fibers connect ____

A

hemispheres

106
Q

sensory tract (def.)

A

axon bundles in CNS going to cortex

107
Q

motor tract (def.)

A

axon bundles in CNS going to spinal cord from cortex

108
Q

cerebellar ataxia caused by ___

A

damage to cerebellum

109
Q

brainstem has 3 parts? (top to bottom)

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

110
Q

brainstem contains ____ pathways that ___

A

-motor and sensory
-connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord

111
Q

brainstem contains what system?

A

-reticular activating system

112
Q

reticular activating system is important for what?

A

arousal of cortex & consciousness

113
Q

brainstem contains centers for regulating ____

A

heart rate, breathing, swallowing & gag reflex

114
Q

midbrain contains this midbrain?

A

substantia nigra (black substance)

115
Q

substantia nigra regulates _____

A

motor activity

116
Q

neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra leads to ____

A

Parkinson’s disease

117
Q

midbrain has ____ (structure) for ______

A

relay centers for visual and auditory pathways (turn to visual and auditory cues)

118
Q

nerves attached to midbrain?

A

cranial nerves III & IV

119
Q

pons is the ___

A

bridge between cerebrum & cerebellum

120
Q

nerves attached to pons?

A

cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

121
Q

medulla oblongata contains what?

A

vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centers

122
Q

nerves attached to medulla oblongata

A

cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII

123
Q

Ventricles of the Brain make ___

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

124
Q

number of lateral ventricles in brain?

A

2 (two)

125
Q

number of ventricles

A

-lateral ventricles (2)
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle (continuous with third ventricles)

126
Q

lateral ventricles have posterior and inferior ___

A

horns

127
Q

fourth ventricle travels down __

A

brainstem

128
Q

circle of willis (def.)

A

joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain

129
Q

label blood supply to brain

A

black: anterior communicating artery
grey: Anterior Cerebral Artery
purple: Middle Cerebral Artery
orange: Internal Carotid Artery
yellow: posterior communicating artery
green: Posterior Cerebral Artery
blue : Basilar Artery
pink : Vertebral Artery

130
Q

label blood supply to brain

A

yellow: anterior cerebral artery
blue: posterior cerebral artery

131
Q

label blood supply to brain

A

blue: middle cerebral artery
purple: anterior cerebral artery

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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