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Terminology > Chapter 9 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system

A

brings oxygen from air into body for delivery to cells -> picks up CO2 and breathes out

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2
Q

respiration

A

diffusion of gases (O and CO2) between atmosphere (external respiration) and body cells (internal respiration)

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3
Q

ventilation

A

breathing

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4
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx

= open to the ouside

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5
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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6
Q

nas/o
rhin/o

A

nose

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7
Q

nares

A

nostrils

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8
Q

endotherms

A

warm-blooded animals

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9
Q

nasal turbinates

A

AKA conchae, scroll-like cartilages covered in mucous membranes that separate nasal cavity into dorsal/ventral passages - in endotherms

warm, humidity, and filter air

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10
Q

meatus

A

nasal passages

meat/o = passageway

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11
Q

nasogastric tube

A

nose -> stomach

in ventral nasal meatus

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12
Q

vestibule

A

rostral part of nostrils and nasal cavity

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13
Q

sept/o

A

partition

(nasal septum = cartilage that divides nose)

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14
Q

mucous membrane

A

epithelial tissue that secrets mucus

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15
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs inside nostrils

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16
Q

olfactory receptors

A

sense of smell

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17
Q

olfact/o

A

smell

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18
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue protecting nasal cavity and upper throat

tonsill/o

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19
Q

sinus

A

air-filled or fluid-filled space in bone

provide mucous, make bone lighter, and help produce sound

sinus/o

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20
Q

pharynx

A

AKA throat, passageway from upper respiratory -> GIT

pharyng/o

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21
Q

frontal sinus

A

dorsal part of skull

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22
Q

maxillary sinus

A

maxilla with nasal cavity on each side

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23
Q

sphenoid sinus

A

cat, cow, horse, pids

spenoid bone

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24
Q

palatine sinus

A

cow, horse

palatine bone

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25
Q

lacrimal sinus

A

cow, pig

lacrimal bone

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26
Q

conchal sinus

A

pig, cow, horse

enclosure of conchae

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27
Q

nasopharynx

A

portion of throat posterior to nasal cavity + dorsal to soft palate

passageway for air entering nose

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28
Q

oropharynx

A

portion of throat b/w soft palate + epiglottis

passageway for air entering mouth

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29
Q

laryngopharynx

A

portion of throat dorsal to larynx, opens into voice box + esophagus

passageway for food entering mouth

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30
Q

soft palate

A

moves dorsal and caudal during swallowing to close off nasopharynx to stop food from going into nasal cavity

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31
Q

epiglottis

A

lid that covers larynx during swallowing

+ also covers trachea so food doesn’t get into lungs

epiglott/o

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32
Q

larynx

A

b/w pharynx and trachea, AKA voice box

contains vocal cords (paired membranous bands)

laryng/o

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33
Q

glottis

A

vocal apparatus found here

space b/w vocal cords, air passing through causes vibrations

glott/o

  • ‘syrinx’ in avians
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34
Q

trachea

A

AKA wind pipe, helps esophagus expand for easier swallowing

air passes from larynx -> trachea -> which extends into thorax through thoracic inlet

trache/o

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35
Q

bronchi/bronchus

A

distal end of trachea divides into 2 branches (‘trachial bifurcation’) called bronchi

each bronchus leads to separate lung, continues to divide like a tree (‘bronchial tree’)

bronch/o

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36
Q

principal/primary bronchus

A

bronchus leading to a lung (L and R)

  1. secondary bronchi
  2. tertiary bronchi/segmental bronchi
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37
Q

bronchioles/bronchiolus

A

tertiary bronchi

-ole = small

bronchiol/o

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38
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs where gas exchange occurs

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39
Q

alveolus

A

‘small hollow thing’, grapelike cluster at end of each bronchiole

alveol/o

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40
Q

surfactant

A

liquid that reduces alveolar surface tension (prevents collapse of alveoli during expiration)

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41
Q

thorac/o

A

chest cavity

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42
Q

lobes

A

divisons of lungs

lob/o

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43
Q

pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulm/o
pulmon/o

A

lung

pneu = air

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44
Q

parenchyma

A

functional elements of an organ (as opposed to stroma = framework)

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45
Q

mediastinum

A

region between lungs

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46
Q

pleura/pleurae

A

membranous sac encasing each lung

pleur/o

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47
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of membrane lining inner wall of thoracic cavity

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48
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer of membrane outside lung

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49
Q

pleural space

A

between parietal and visceral pleura, contains pleural fluid that prevents friction

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50
Q

diaphragm

A

separates thoracic and peritoneal cavities, muscle that contracts and makes a vacuum in thoracic cavity to draw air in, relaxes and air is forced out

dia = across
phragm/o = wall

diaphragmat/o
phren/o

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51
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

displacement of organs through diaphragm

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52
Q

spir/o

A

breath

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53
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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54
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

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55
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult breathing

56
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

57
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

58
Q

hyperpnea

A

increase in rate and depth of breath

59
Q

hypopnea

A

slow/shallow breath

60
Q

hyperventillation

A

rapid breathing causing decreased CO2 in cells

61
Q

agonal breathing

A

breath near death or during extreme suffering

62
Q

ox/o
oxy/o
oxi/o

A

oxygen

63
Q

capn/o

A

CO2

64
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive CO2 in blood

65
Q

hypocapnia

A

decrease in CO2 in blood

66
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

too much CO2 in blood from decreased ventilation, lowers blood pH

67
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

low CO2 from increased ventilation

68
Q

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

A

changes in blood pH from metabolic factors (vomiting, renal disease)

69
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled + exhaled in one breath)

70
Q

inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air

A

amount of air inspired over tidal volume (extra)

71
Q

expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air

A

amount of air expired over tidal volume (extra left in lungs)

72
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining trapped in alveoli after expiring

73
Q

dead space

A

air in the pathway not currently participating in jas exchange

74
Q

minimal volume

A

amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses

75
Q

vital capacity

A

largest amount of air lung can take (tidal + inspiratory and expiratory reserves)

76
Q

arterial blood gases

A

pressure levels of O and CO2 measured in arterial blood

77
Q

auscultation

A

act of listening (using stethoscope)

78
Q

adventitious sounds

A

pathological respiratory sounds

79
Q

bubbling

A

sound that suggests fluid accumulation

80
Q

crepitation/rales/crackles

A

cracking noise from collapsed of fluid-filled lung

81
Q

decreased lung sounds

A

less/no sound of air movement

consolidation = lung tissue becomes firm from accumulating fluid and debris

82
Q

respiratory rate

A

respirations per minute (inhale + exhale = single respiration)

83
Q

rhonchi

A

wheezing sounds

84
Q

stridor

A

snoring/squeaking suggesting narrow airway

85
Q

vesticular sounds

A

sounds from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli

86
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage

A

collection of fluid or mucus from bronchi or alveoli from endoscope

87
Q

bronchoscopy

A

looking at bronchus with bronchoscope

88
Q

laryngoscopy

A

looking at larynx with laryngoscope

89
Q

percussion

A

determine density by tapping

90
Q

phlegm

A

thick respiratory mucus

sputum = in lower respiratory tract

91
Q

radiography

A

image of internal structures by exposing film to x-ray

(ultrasound does NOT work for respiratory, can’t pass through gas)

92
Q

spirometer

A

instrument that measures air taken in and out of lungs

93
Q

sputum culture

A

mucus from lower RT collected and allow microbes to reproduce

94
Q

thoracocentesis

A

puncture of chest wall to obtain pleural fluid

95
Q

tracheal wash

A

collection of fluid from trachea via tube

96
Q

transtracheal wash

A

collecting fluid from trachea via catheter

97
Q

trephination

A

hole-boring instrument inserted into sinus to drain fluid or access teeth roots

98
Q

anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

99
Q

aspiration

A

inhaling foreign substance

100
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete alveoli expansion

101
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilation of bronchi

102
Q

sequela

A

condition as a consequence of a disease

103
Q

bronchitis

A

bronchi inflammation

104
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

abnormal condition of bronchi + lung

105
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

expiration slowed, in equine species

106
Q

emphysema

A

chronic lung disease from alveoli enlargement

107
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

108
Q

equine laryngeal hemiplegia

A

abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise due to atrophy of layngeal muscles or nerve, AKA roaring

-plegia = paralysis

109
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting blood from lower RT

110
Q

hemothorax

A

accumulation of blood in chest

111
Q

larynoplegia

A

paralysis of voice box

112
Q

phonation

A

act of producing sound

113
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in pleural space

114
Q

effusion

A

fluid escaping from blood into tissues

115
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura

116
Q

pleuropneumonia

A

abnormal condition of pleura + lung

117
Q

interstitial pneumonia

A

increased fluid between alveoli, decrease lung function

118
Q

penumothorax

A

accumulation of gas in chest

119
Q

polyp

A

growth protruding from mucous membrane

120
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

fibers in alveolar walls

121
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in lung tissue

122
Q

pyothorax

A

pus in chest

123
Q

exudate

A

high-protein fluid

124
Q

rhinits

A

inflammation of nasal mucous membranes

125
Q

rhinopneumonitis

A

nasal mucous membranes + lung inflammation

126
Q

rhinorrhea

A

nasal discharge

127
Q

sinusitis

A

sinus inflammation

128
Q

snuffles

A

upper RT disease of rabbits

129
Q

stenotic nares

A

narrowed nostrils

130
Q

tuss/i

A

cough

131
Q

paroxysmal

A

spasmlike/sudden

132
Q

mucolytics

A

substances sued to break down mucus

133
Q

antitussives

A

substances to help with coughing

134
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

tube into trachea that gives patent (open) airway to administer anesthetics

135
Q

pharyngostomy

A

opening in throat

136
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of lung tissue

Terminology (22 decks)

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