School and Television Flashcards
____ ____: In their often-cited study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) demonstrated that teachers’ expectations about student achievement can have a ____ -____ ____ (____) ____. In their study, first-grade teachers were told at the beginning of the school year that some of their students had been identified as ____ “____ “ who could be expected to do exceptionally well during the school year. In fact, the children had been randomly chosen. At the end of the year, the children identified as bloomers had ____ ____ in ___ scores; apparently because of Subtle differences in the ways that teachers ____ ____ versus the way they treated other children.
Teacher Expectations; Sefl-Fulfilling Prophecy (Rosenthal) Effect; Academic “Bloomers”; Unusual Gains in IQ Scores; Treated Them
____ and ____ ____: The research has confirmed that teachers respond ____ to ____ and ____ in the classroom. Overall, boys are more likely than girls to be ____, ____, ____, and ____.
Gender and Teacher Feedback; Differently to Girls and Boys; Corrected, Criticized, Praised, and Helped
The nature of ____ ____ is related to the student’s ____: ____ are most often criticized for lack of decorum, failure to do their work neatly, or inattention, but praised for intellectual accomplishments and task-related behaviors. In contrast, ____ more often receive criticism for a lack of ability or inadequate intellectual performance and praise for their effort, cooperation, and dependent behaviors.
Teacher Feedback; Gender; Boys; Girls
Such findings (gender and teacher feedback) may help account for gender differences in ____ ____ and ____. They may explain, for example, why girls are more likely than boys to view their ____ as the result of a ____ of ____.
Academic Achievement and Expectations; Failures; Lack of Ability
____ ____ in ____: Although boys and girls do not differ in a consistent way in terms of ____ ___, they do differ somewhat in terms of specific ____ of ____. Specifically, girls tend to outperform boys on measures ____ ____, while boys (especially adolescent boys) outperform girls on measures of ____ -____ ____ and ____ ____. Note, however, gender differences are ____ and have ____ in recent years.
Gender Differences in Achievement; Overall IQ; Areas of Achievement; Verbal Abilities; Visual-Spatial Skills and Mathematical Ability; Small; Decreased
While some investigators attribute gender differences in academic achievement to ____ ____, others emphasize ____ ____. For example, McHale, and Crouter (1996) found that, when parents do not have ____ ____ about ____ ____, their daughters are less likely to experience declines in ____ and ____ ____ during ____.
Genetic Factors; Environmental Influences; Stereotyped Beliefs; Gender Roles; Math and Science Achievement; Adolescence
Compensatory Preschool Programs: In general, children who attend preschool are ____ to those who stay at home during the preschool years in terms of ____, ____, and ____ ____. Exceptions to this general rule are children who attend ____ ____ and other ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____ ____.
Similar; Psychological, Social, and Cognitive Development; Head Start; Compensatory Preschool Programs; Economically Disadvantaged Children
While initial IQ test score gains produced by these programs are often not ____, there are important ____ -____ ____: Children who attend compensatory programs have ____ ____ toward school and are less likely to be ____ in a ____, to be placed in ____ ____ ____, and to ____ ____ of ____ ____ and more likely to ____ ____ than their peers who do not attend such programs.
Maintained; Long-Term Beliefs; Better Attitudes; Retained in a Grade; Special Education Classed; Drop Out of High School; Attend College
Longitudinal studies have found that participants in compensatory preschool programs exhibit benefits on a variety of ____ ____ ____ including reduced rates of pregnancy, drug abuse, and delinquency during adolescence and higher earnings, higher rates of home ownership, and lower arrest rates in early adulthood.
Life Success Measures
The positive effects of early compensatory education are enhanced when ____ are involved in the programs and when the programs are ____ in ____ in terms of ____ of ____ that children spend in them; are coordinated with ____, ____, and other ____ ____: and are followed by ____ ____ once children have entered elementary school. They are also more successful when they are based on a ____ ____ and make use of carefully ____ ____ and ____.
Parents; High in Intensity; Amount of Time; Health, Housing; Social Services; Educational Support; Fromal Theory; Developed Materials and Procedures
The ____ ____ was originally developed for children with intellectual disabilities in preschool through high school but has also been found effective for other students. Montessori schools are ____ -____ — the materials and environment are designed to fit the ____ ____, and learning is ____ with children receiving support and guidance from teachers that helps them advance at their ____ ____.
Montessori Method; Child-Centered; Child’s Abilities; Experiential; Own Pace
A distinguishing feature of the Montessori approach is that it is based on the assumption that learning stems from ____ ____ and, therefore, can be maximized by using instructional methods that are designed to enhance ____ ____ (i.e., that not only involve listening but also touching, seeing, smelling, and tasting).
Sense Perception; Sense Discrimination
The research has consistently found that viewing violent TV shows (and playing violent video and computer games) ____ ____ ____ and ____ ____ aggression. There is also evidence that television viewing is associated with several other undesirable outcomes including reinforcement of ____ ____ -____ ____ and reduced ____ ____ and excessive ____ ____.
Increases Aggressive Behaviors and Tolerance for; Traditional Sex-Role Stereotypes; Physical Activity; Weight Gain
TV viewing takes time away from ____ ____, and the research suggests that children who watch a ____ ____ of ____ ____ ____, fare more poorly in ____, tend to be ____ ____, and spend less time in ____ ____.
Other Activities; Great Deal of Television Read Less; School; Less Creative; Family Interactions
Television can also have ____ ____: The studies have found, for instance, that Sesame Street and other educational TV shows have a positive impact on ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____ ____.
Beneficial Effects; Vocabulary Acquisition, Cognitive Skills, and Prosocial Attitudes Among Preschoolers
