Sensation, Perception, Learning, Memory, and Language

Question 1

All our contact with the outside world depends on ____ and ____. ____ refers to the receipt of physical stimulation through special sensory organs. ____ is the process of becoming aware of, modulating, and interpreting sensory stimulation.

Answer 1

Sensation and Perception; Sensation; Perception

Question 2

Two ____ of ____ ____ are used to explain our ability to distinguish between colors.

Answer 2

Theories of Color Vision

Question 3

According to the Young-Helmholtz ____ ____, there are three types of color receptors (____) that are each receptive to a different primary color — ____, ____, or ____ — and all other colors are produced by variations in the activity of these three receptors.

Answer 3

Trichromatic Theory; Cones; Red, Blue, or Green

Question 4

Hering’s ____ -____ ____ postulates three types of bipolar receptors: ____ -____, ____ -____, and ____ -____. According to this theory, some cells are excited by red and inhibited by green, and so on; and the overall ____ of ____ of these ____ produces the various colors that we ____.

Answer 4

Opponent-Process Theory; Red-Green, Yellow-Blue, White-Black; Pattern of Stimulation; Cells; Perceive

Question 5

The ____ -____ ____ is supported by the phenomenon of ____ ____, which involves seeing an image of an object in its complementary color after staring at it for a period of time and then looking at a neutral background.

Answer 5

Opponent-Process Theory; Negative Afterimages

Question 6

Because trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory do not adequately explain color vision, current thought embraces ____ ____: A trichromatic mechanism is used to explain the coding of color by the ____, while an opponent-process mechanism is presumed to operate in the ____.

Answer 6

Both Theories; Cones; Thalamus

Question 7

____ ____ (color deficiency) is often the result of a genetic defect that affects one or more of the three types of cones, but it may also be caused by a disease or injury that affects the retina, optic nerve, or other component of the visual system.

Answer 7

Color Blindness

Question 8

The inherited form of color blindness is usually caused by __ ____ on the __ ____, which means that ____ are more prone to color blindness than are ____. For a female to be color blind, she must inherit the trait from ____ ____, while a male is vulnerable when his mother is either ____ ____ or carries the ____ -____ ____.

Answer 8

A Gene; X Chromosome; Males; Females; Both Parents; Color Blind; Color-Blind Trait

Question 9

There are several types of ____ ____. The most common type is an inability to distinguish between ____ and ____, and this type affects about 8 to 10% of the ____ ____. ____ -____ ____ ____ and complete ____ ____ are much less common.

Answer 9

Color Blindness; Red and Green; Male Population; Blue-Yellow Color Blindness and Complete Color Blindness

Question 10

The term ____ ____ (or just achromatopsia) is used to describe an inherited form of complete color blindness that is caused by lack of functioning of the ____ ____, while the term ____ (or cerebral) ____ is used to describe complete color blindness that is caused by a ____ in ____, which is usually in the ____ ____.

Answer 10

Congenital Achromatopsia; Cone Cells; Central Achromatopsia; Lesion in Brain; Occipitotemporal Region

Question 11

retinal (binocular) disparity and are responsible for ____ ____ of objects at relatively close distances. ____ refers to the turning inward of the eyes as an object gets closer and vice versa. ____ ____ refers to the fact that our two eyes see objects in the world from two different views, and, the closer an object, the greater the disparity of the two images.

Answer 11

Depth Perception; Binocular and Monocular Cues; Binocular Cues; Depth Perception; Convergence; Retinal Disparity

Question 12

____ ____ contribute to depth perception for objects at greater distances. They include the relative ____ of ____. the ____ (overlap) of objects, ____ and ____ ____, and ____ ____ (the relative movement of objects at different distances when the perceiver changes position).

Answer 12

Monocular Cues; Size of Objects; Interposition; Linear and Atmospheric Perspective, and Motion Parallax

Question 13

____ is a chemical sense that begins with a response to airborne molecules by the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. These receptors send signals through the ____ ____ to the ____ ____, which acts as a relay station for ____ ____ (as the thalamus does for all other sensory information). The ____ ____ then forwards signals to several areas of the brain including the primary ____ ____, the ____ ____, and the ____.

Answer 13

Olfaction; Olfactory Nerve; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Information; Olfactory Blub; Olfactory Cortex, the Orbitofrontal Cortex, and the Amygdala

Question 14

The ____ ____ ____ processes and integrates olfactory signals; the ____ ____ is believed to be involved in the conscious perception of odors; and the ____ plays an important role in olfactory memory.

Answer 14

Primary Olfactory Cortex; Orbitofrontal Cortex; Amygdala

Question 15

The ____ ____ include pressure (touch), warmth, cold, and pain.

Answer 15

Cutaneous Senses

Question 16

____: Axons that carry information from cutaneous receptors gather in nerves that enter the ____ ____ through the ____ ____. The area of the body that is innervated by the dorsal root of a given segment of the spinal cord is referred to as a ____.

Answer 16

Dermatomes; Spinal Cord; Dorsal Roots; Dermatome

Question 17

The ring and little fingers represent one dermatome and are innervated by the eighth cervical nerve (C8), the forearm represents another dermatome and is innervated by the first thoracic nerve (T l), and the trunk encompasses several dermatomes that are innervated by the second through the 12th thoracic nerves (T2 through T 12). Adjacent dermatomes ____ so that damage to a nerve usually causes ____ ____ rather than a complete ____ of sensation in the corresponding dermatome.

Answer 17

Overlap; Diminished Sensation; Loss

Question 18

Unlike other senses, ____ is not linked with a single type of stimulus but is elicited by several kinds of stimuli including pressure. heat. and cold. In addition, pain is not only a function of ____ ____ but may be affected by other phenomena: For example, the ____ of ____ can be intensified by ____ or ____ and reduced by ____, ____ ____, and ____.

Answer 18

Pain; Local Sensation; Perception of Pain; Depression or Anxiety; Distractions, Deep Relaxation, and Hypnosis

Question 19

Pain perception is also affected by ____. Baker and Green (2005) found that older adults (ages 50+) with chronic pain not only reported lower ____ ____ than did younger adults but also ____ ____ of ____ and fewer problems ____ with their ____.

Answer 19

Age; Lower Pain Intensity; Fewer Symptoms of Depression; Coping; Pain

Question 20

Pain is very susceptible to ____; and, for many people, just the expectation that a drug or other treatment will stop pain is sufficient to ensure that it does so.

Answer 20

Placebos

Question 21

According to the ____ -____ ____ of ____, the nervous system can process only a limited amount of sensory information at any one time. When too much information is being received, cells in the spinal cord act as a gate that ____ some incoming ____ ____. Phenomena that can close the gate include ____ the ____ ____, applying ____ or ____, and engaging in ____ ____ ____.

Answer 21

Gate-Control Theory of Pain; Gate; Blocks; Pain Signals; Massaging the Injured Area; Heat or Cold; Distracting Mental Activities

Question 22

____ ____: Researchers interested in identifying effective methods for coping with chronic pain distinguish between ____ and ____ ____. ____ ____ ____ include exercise, physical therapy, using distractions, and ignoring the pain. ____ ____ ____ include restricting social activities, resting in bed, taking medications to obtain immediate relief, and “wishful thinking.”

Answer 22

Coping Strategies; Active and Passive Strategies; Active Coping Strategies; Passive Coping Strategies

Question 23

Although the results of studies comparing these active and passive strategies are not entirely consistent, they generally confirm that active strategies are associated with ____ ____ of ____ ____ and greater ____ in ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 23

Lower Levels of Reported Pain; Improvement in Psychological and Physical Functioning

Question 24

____ (“joining senses”) is a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality. For example, a person with synesthesia might ____ a ____ or ____ a ____.

Answer 24

Synesthesia; Hear a Color or Tast a Shape

Question 25

Although the cause of synesthesia is unknown, it is believed to be ____ and due to ____ ____. Cytowic (1993) attributes the phenomenon to the ____ ____; others trace it to “____ -____ or excessive ____ ____ in the ____ ____ of the ____.

Answer 25

Involuntary; Biological Factors; Limbic System; Cross-Wiring; Neural Connections; Sensory Regions; Brain

Question 26

____ is the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and their corresponding psychological sensations. Several ____ ____ have been developed to identify absolute thresholds and difference thresholds: An ____ ____ is the minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation, while a ____ ____ is the smallest increment in stimulus intensity needed to recognize the discrepancy between two stimuli.

Answer 26

Psychophysics; Psychophysical Laws; Absolute Threshold; Difference Threshold

Question 27

The difference threshold is also referred to as the ____ ____ ____ (JND) and that JNDs represent psychologically equal intervals while their corresponding physical differences do not. For example, the JND for a 15 pound weight might be an additional 1 pound. while the JND for a 50 pound weight might be 5 pounds. In these two situations, the JND is equal to one but the physical differences in weight are not equal.

Answer 27

Just Noticeable Difference

Question 28

____ ____: According to ____ ____, the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference. It predicts. for instance, that, if one gram must be added to ten grams for an increase in weight to be detected, then ten would have to be added to 100 grams for an increase to be perceived.

Answer 28

Weber’s Law; Weber’s Law

Question 29

____ ____: By extending Weber’s Law, Fechner claimed to be able to determine the precise relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and the magnitude of the associated sensation. ____ ____ states that physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations. In other words, a person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases ____ as the stimulus intensity increases ____.

Answer 29

Fechner’s Law; Fechner’s Law; Arithmetically; Geometrically

Question 30

____ ____ ____: Weber’s and Fechner’s Laws work well for stimulus intensities within the middle range but not for ____ ____. To overcome the inadequacy of these laws, Stevens developed a direct measure of sensation. His method of magnitude estimation involves asking a participant to assign numbers to stimuli proportional to their relative sensations.

Answer 30

Stevens’s Power Law; Extreme Intensities

Question 31

If a participant arbitrarily assigns a value of 3 to the first tone presented and believes that the second tone is twice as loud, he/she would the second tone a value of 6. Stevens’s investigations led to a description of sensation as an ____ ____ of ____ ____. ____ ____ ____ makes it possible to predict, for instance, that doubling the intensity of a light less than doubles the sensation of the light’s brightness, while doubling the intensity of an electric shock more than doubles the physical sensation.

Answer 31

Exponential Function of Stimulus Intensity; Stevens’s Power Law

Question 32

According to the Young-Helmholtz (1) ____ theory of color vision, there are three types of color receptors (cones) that are each receptive to a different primary color — red, blue, or green. In contrast, Hering’s (2) ____ theory postulates three types of bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black. Because color blindness is most often due to a sex-linked recessive trait, (3) ____ are at a higher risk for color blindness.

Answer 32

(l) trichromatic; (2) opponent-process; (3) males

Question 33

Depth perception depends on a combination of binocular and monocular cues. (4) ____, one of the binocular cues, refers to the fact that our two eyes see objects in the world from two different views, and, the closer an object, the greater the disparity of the two images.

Answer 33

(4) Retinal disparity

Question 34

With regard to olfaction. the (5) ____ cortex is believed to be involved in the conscious perception of odors, while the (6) ____ plays an important role in olfactory memory. Of the senses, (7) ____ is the only one that is not linked to a single type of stimulus.

Answer 34

(5) orbitofrontal; (6) amygdala; (7) pain

Question 35

According to (8) ____ theory. the perception of pain can be blocked by special cells in the spinal cord. Although the results of studies comparing active and passive strategies for coping with pain are inconsistent, they generally confirm that (9) ____ strategies are associated with lower levels of reported pain and greater improvement in psychological and physical functioning. (10) ____ is a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality.

Answer 35

(8) gate-control; (9) active; (10) Synesthesia

Question 36

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and their corresponding psychological (11) ____. According to (12) ____ Law, the more intense the stimulus. the greater the increase in intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference. Fechner’s Law proposes that physical stimulus changes are (13) ____ related to their psychological sensations; and, according to (14) ____ Law, sensation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity.

Answer 36

(11) sensations; (12) Weber’s; (13) logarithmically; (14) Stevens’s Power

Question 37

Much of what is known about the mechanisms underlying ____ and ____ comes from research with individuals suffering from amnesia. Probably the most famous individual is ___, who underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy as treatment for severe ____. This included removal of the medial portions of both ____ ____ as well as much of his ____ and ____.

Answer 37

Learning and Memory; H.M; Epilepsy; Temporal Lobes; Amygdala and Hippocampus

Question 38

After the operation, H.M. exhibited a number of ____ ____: While his short-term and remote long-term memory were intact, H.M. was unable to form ____ ____ -____ ____ and had trouble remembering events that occurred a ____ ____ ____ to the surgery. In other words, the surgery produced ____ ____ and ____ ____ for ____ ____. These deficits were limited to ____ and ____ ____, however; and H.M.’s ____ and ____ ____ were relatively ____.

Answer 38

Memory Impairments; New Long-Term Memories; Few Years Prior; Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia for Recent Events; Explicit and Declarative Memories; Implicit and Procedural Memories; Intact

Question 39

More recently, research using neuroimaging techniques has localized the sites of specific aspects of ____. These studies have shown that certain areas in the left cerebral cortex are more active during the ____ of ____, while areas in the right cerebral cortex (especially the right frontal cortex) are more active during ____. This phenomenon is referred to as ____ ____ /____ ____, or ___.

Answer 39

Memory; Encoding of Memories; Retrieval; Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry; HERA

Question 40

____ ____: Several ____ of the ____ are known to play important roles in learning and memory. These include the following: _____________________________________

Answer 40

Brain Mechanisms; Areas of the Brain; Temporal Lobes; Hippocampus; Amygdala; Prefrontal Cortex; Thalamus; Basal Ganglia; Cerebellum; Motor Cortex

Question 41

The ____ ____ are essential for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, with the right and left lobes serving somewhat different functions.

Answer 41

Temporal Lobes

Question 42

Following removal of the right temporal lobe, deficits are found primarily on ____ ____ ____ (e.g., measures of face-recognition, spatial position, maze-learning, and emotional memory), while removal of the left temporal lobe produces impaired performance on measures of ____ ____ (e.g., recall of word lists and stories and recognition of words and numbers).

Answer 42

Nonverbal Memory Tasks; Verbal Memory

Question 43

The ____ is responsible for consolidating long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory) but not for the subsequent storage of those memories. It is also essential for ____ ____ and, along with the temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus, is responsible for ____ ____ (memory requiring conscious recollection).

Answer 43

Hippocampus; Spatial Memory; Explicit Memory

Question 44

Degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus and areas that communicate directly with the hippocampus has been linked to ____ ____ associated with ____ ____ and ____ ____ due to ____ ____.

Answer 44

Memory Loss; Normal Aging and Neurocognitive Disorder; Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 45

Regarding Alzheimer’s, there is evidence that the development of ____ ____ in the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex is one of the characteristic changes associated with this disorder and that mutation of the ApoE gene contributes to the build-up of plaques.

Answer 45

Amyloid Plaques

Question 46

There is evidence that ____ ____ due to depression, poverty. and other factors may impair memory as a result of the effects of ____ and other ____ ____ on the hippocampus.

Answer 46

Chronic Stress; Cortisol; Stress Hormones

Question 47

The ____ plays a key role in fear conditioning and adding emotional significance to memories. There is evidence that the amygdala is responsible for the recall of ____ ____ and may contribute to the development of ___.

Answer 47

Amygdala; Traumatic Events; PTSD

Question 48

The ____ ____ plays a role in episodic memory and prospective memory and in constructive memory and false recognition. With regard to the latter, patients with damage to certain regions of the prefrontal cortex may incorrectly claim that new information is ____.

Answer 48

Prefrontal Cortex; Familiar

Question 49

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is important for ____ ____, and impairments in working memory in patients with Schizophrenia have been linked to abnormal activity in this area.

Answer 49

Working Memory

Question 50

The ____ is involved in processing incoming information and transferring it to the cortex. Damage to certain areas in the thalamus produces ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____.

Answer 50

Thalamus; Anterograde Amnesia, Retrograde Amnesia, and Confabulation

Question 51

____ ____, ____, and ____ ____: These structures play a role in ____ ____ (e.g., memory for sensorimotor skills) and ____ (unconscious, nonintentional) ____.

Answer 51

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Motor Cortex; Procedural Memory; Implicit Memory

Question 52

A substantial body of research on the ____ ____ underlying learning and memory has involved the study of Aplysia (seaslug). Because ____ ____ ____ contains only about 20,000 neurons that are larger in size than those found in vertebrates, it has enabled investigators to pinpoint the neural changes associated with habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning of its reflexes.

Answer 52

Neural Mechanisms; Aplysia’s Nervous System

Question 53

Neural mechanism studies have found that short-term memory involves ____ ____ at existing ____, while long-term memory also entails an increase in the number of ____ and modifications of the structure of ____ ____. The results of this and other research has led to the identification of neural mechanisms that mediate the formation of term memory.

Answer 53

Neurochemical Changes; Synapses; Synapses; Existing Synapses

Question 54

____ -____ ____ (___) refers to the greater responsivity of a postsynaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation by a presynaptic neuron for hours, days, or even weeks after the presynaptic neuron has been barraged by high-frequency stimulation.

Answer 54

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Question 55

LTP was first observed at certain ____ ____ (NMDA receptors) in the ____ but has since been found in other areas of the brain including the ____ and ____. The consequences of LTP have led some investigators to conclude that it mediates ____ -____ ____ by causing changes in the number and shape of the cell’s ____, promoting the formation of new ____ ____, and increasing the number of ____ ____.

Answer 55

Glutamate Receptors; Hippocampus; Amygdala and Cortex; Long-Term Memory; Dendrites; Synaptic Connections; Glutamate Receptors

Question 56

Long-term memory also seems to depend on enhanced ____ ____ during the minutes or hours following learning or training. Studies have shown that training induces increased protein synthesis during the ____ -____ ____ and that inhibiting the synthesis of protein or RNA (which is required for protein synthesis) at the time of training can prevent the formation of ____ -____ ____ even when short-term and intermediate-term memory are ____.

Answer 56

Protein Synthesis; Post-Training Period; Long-Term Memories; Unimpaired

Question 57

Following bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to relieve severe epilepsy, H.M. was able to recall remote events, but he exhibited severe (1) ____ amnesia and retrograde amnesia for (2) ____ events. A number of areas of the brain play an important role in learning and memory.

Answer 57

(1) anterograde; (2) recent

Question 58

The (3) ____ lobes are essential for the storage and retrieval of long-term declarative memories; the (4) ____ is involved in memory consolidation and explicit memory; and the (5) ____ attaches emotion to memory. In addition, the (6) ____ cortex plays a role in episodic memory, prospective memory, and working memory, while the (7) ____, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit memory.

Answer 58

(3) temporal; (4) hippocampus; (5) amygdala; (6) prefrontal; (7) basal ganglia

Question 59

At the neural level, (8) ____ in the hippocampus is believed to be important for long-term memory. There is also evidence that long-term memory depends on increased (9) ____ during the minutes or hours following training. When the synthesis of protein or (10) ____ is inhibited at the time of training, long-term memory is impaired.

Answer 59

(8) long-term potentiation (LTP); (9) protein synthesis; (10) RNA

Question 60

____ ____: For most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for ____, but the right hemisphere also participates in the ____ and ____ of ____. If the left hemisphere is lost early in development or is damaged in adulthood by a ____, the right hemisphere ____ ____ ____ to some degree.

Answer 60

Brain Asymmetry; Language; Production and Comprehension of Language; Stroke; Assumes Language Functions

Question 61

The right hemisphere is also capable of some ____ ____, and injury to the right hemisphere my produce ____ ____ ____ including abnormalities in ____, ____, and ____ (____) ____ ____.

Answer 61

Language Comprehension; Subtle Linguistic Impairments; Prosody, Syntax, and Pragmatic (Social) Language Skills

Question 62

____ refers to impaired language production and/or comprehension as the result of brain damage.

Answer 62

Aphasia

Question 63

____ ____ (also known as expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia) is caused by damage to ____ ____, which is located in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe. Individuals with this disorder speak ____ and with ____ ____. Their speech is ____ ____ and lacks normal ____, ____, and ____ (dysprosody), and they frequently omit ____, ____, ____, and the endings of ____ and ____. They often exhibit ____ (an inability to name a common or familiar object, attribute, or action) and have difficulty repeating ____, especially phrases containing many ____ and ____.

Answer 63

Broca’s Aphasia; Broca’s Area; Slowly; Great Difficulty; poorly Articulated; Intonation, Stress, and Rhythm; Conjunctions, Pronouns, Prepositions; Nouns and Verbs; Anomia; Phrases; Prepositions and Conjunctions

Question 64

Although people with Broca’s aphasia have trouble producing spoken and written language, their comprehension of language is only ____ ____. These individuals are typically ____ of their deficits and, as a result, experience ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 64

Somewhat Impaired; Aware; Frustration, Anxiety, and Depression

Question 65

____ ____ (also known as receptive, impressive, sensory, and fluent aphasia) is caused by damage to ____ ____, which is located in the dominant (usually left) temporal lobe. People with this form of aphasia have trouble understanding ____ and ____ ____ and generating ____ ____.

Answer 65

Wernicke’s Aphasia; Wernicke’s Area; Written and Spoken Language; Meaningful Language

Question 66

Although their (those with Wernicke’s aphasia) speech is ____, seems ____, and exhibits appropriate ____ ____. it is largely devoid of ____. These individuals usually exhibit ____, ____ (the substitution of words related in sound or meaning to the intended words), and problems with ____. People with Wernicke’s aphasia are often ____ that their speech is meaningless.

Answer 66

Rapid; Effortless; Syntactical Structure; Content; Anomia Paraphasia; Repetition; Unaware

Question 67

____ (____) ____: Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area are connected by the arcuate fasciculus, and damage to this structure can produce ____ ____. This disorder does not significantly affect language comprehension but does result in ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 67

Conduction (Associative) Aphasia; Conduction Aphasia; Anomia, Paraphasia, and Impaired Repetition

Question 68

____ ____ is caused by lesions outside Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas that disconnect these areas from other regions of the brain. If the damage isolates only Broca’s area, the individual has ____ ____ ____, which is characterized by nonfluent, effortful speech, lack of spontaneous speech, and anomia with unimpaired repetition or comprehension.

Answer 68

Transcortical Aphasia; Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Question 69

In contrast, if the lesion isolates only Wernicke’s area, the person has ____ ____ ____, which involves deficits in comprehension, anomia, and fluent (but meaningless) speech with unimpaired repetition.

Answer 69

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Question 70

When Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are both affected, the person has ____ ____ ____. People with this disorder are able to talk but have nothing to say and are unable to understand written and spoken language. They can, however, produce ____ ____ (such as singing familiar songs) and ____ ____, ____, or ____ spoken by others.

Answer 70

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia; Automatic Responses and Repeat words, Phrases, or Sentences

Question 71

____ ____ is caused by widespread brain injury involving Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as other areas in the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and is characterized by extensive disruption in the ability to produce and understand language.

Answer 71

Global Aphasia

Question 72

Individuals with this global aphasia may be able to say a ____ ____ and produce ____ ____ (especially emotional exclamations). It is often accompanied by right ____, right ____ loss, and right ____ (loss of the right visual field in both eyes).

Answer 72

Few Words; Automatic Speech; Hemiplegia; Hemisensory Loss; Hemianopia

Question 73

Damage to Broca’s area produces (1) ____ aphasia. People with this disorder speak slowly and with difficulty and their speech is poorly (2) ____, but they usually have little or no difficulty (3) ____ language. Damage to Wernicke’s area results in (4) ____ aphasia.

Answer 73

(1) Broca’s (expressive, motor, nonfluent); (2) articulated; (3) comprehending (understanding); (4) Wernicke’s (receptive, sensory, fluent)

Question 74

People with this form of aphasia speak rapidly and effortlessly but their speech is usually (5) ____ and they have trouble understanding written and spoken language. (6) ____ aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and involves (7) ____ (an inability to name a familiar object, attribution, or action), paraphasia, and impaired repetition.

Answer 74

(5) devoid of content (meaningless); (6) Conduction; (7) anomia

Question 75

(8) ____ aphasia is caused by lesions that isolate Broca’s area and/or Wernicke’s area from other regions of the brain, while (9) ____ aphasia is caused by widespread brain injury involving Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas as well as other areas in the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.

Answer 75

(8) Transcortical; (9) global