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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > The Heart pt. 1 > Flashcards

The Heart pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart

A

middle of the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum

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2
Q

the mediastinum is the space between the two lungs and is bounded by ……

A

by the thoracic inlet cranially
by the sternum ventrally
by the spinal column dorsally

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3
Q

beside the heart, what other things are found in the mediastinum

A

blood vessels, thoracic portion of the trachea, thymus gland (young animals), lymph nodes, and nerves

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4
Q

the heart has a rounded cranial end called the ____

A

base of the heart

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5
Q

the more pointed caudal end of the heart is called the

A

apex of the heart

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6
Q

the heart doesn’t sit straight along the median plane in the animal. the base is shifted __________ and the apex is shifted __________

A

the base is shifted to the right nd faces more dorsally
the apex is shifted to the left and sits more ventrally

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7
Q

the heart is contained in a fibrous sac called

A

the pericardium

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8
Q

the pericardium is divided into two parts

A

the fibrous sac is called the pericardial sac
the other portion is called the serous pericardium

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9
Q

the pericardial sac is a little loose. why?

A

so the heart can beat inside
however, it is not elastic so it cannot stretch if the heart becomes abnormally enlarged

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10
Q

the serous membrane consists of two other membranes

A

the smooth, moist serous membrane is called the parietal layer
the other moist serous membrane is called the visceral layer

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11
Q

what does the parietal layer of the serous membrane line?

A

lines the pericardial sac

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12
Q

where does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium lie

A

lies directly in the surface of the heart

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13
Q

The space in between the two serous membranes is known as the

A

pericardial space

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14
Q

the pericardial space is filled with ______ which helps prevent ____

A

filled with pericardial fluid
prevents friction as the layers rub together when the heart contracts

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15
Q

The middle and thickest layer of the heart, which is also the muscular layer is called

A

the myocardium - made of cardiac muscle

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16
Q

Remember that the muscle fibers of the heart are jointed side-to-side by multiple branches and end-to-end by intercalated discs. These two features mean that myocardium is made up of _____

A

continuous muscle sheets that wrap around the chambers of the heart. These sheets make a greater force of contraction possible

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17
Q

what are two other advantageous traits of cardiac muscle

A

it is autorhythmic and it doesn’t fatigue

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18
Q

what does autorhythmic mean?

A

without an outside stimulus, it can start beating in a steady rhythm before an animal is born and continue beating throughout its life

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19
Q

The _______ is the outermost layer of the heart wall. It’s a membrane that lies on the external surface of the myocardium.

A

epicardium
another name for this layer is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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20
Q

the ______ is the membrane that lies on the internal surface of the myocardium

A

endocadium

21
Q

what is endocardium composed of?

A

thin, flat, simple squamous epithelium which forms the lining of the heart chambers. Also covers the valves that separate the chambers of the heart

22
Q

The endocardium is continuous with ______

A

The endothelium that lines blood vessels

23
Q

the inside of the endocardium is not smooth. it has ridges and nipplelike projections called _____

A

papillary muscles

24
Q

there are four chamber in the heart

A

2 atria
2 ventricles

25
Q

the atria does what

A

receive blood into the heart and forms the base of the heart

26
Q

the ventricles does what

A

pump blood out of the heart
sits underneath the atria
wall of the left ventricle forms the apex of the heart

27
Q

left atrium and right atrium are separated by the

A

interatrial septum
is a continuation of the myocardium

28
Q

Atria receives blood from large veins that carry blood to the heart. One filled with blood, then what happens

A

the wall (myocardium) contract and force blood through one-way valves into the ventricles

29
Q

the atria is identified on the outside of the heart by _______

A

the auricles
are blind pouches that come off the main part of the atria and look like earflaps
is part of the atrium, but not the entire atrium

30
Q

why is the myocardium of an atrium not very thick.

A

Only has to contract enough to move blood to the ventricle

31
Q

left and right ventricles are separated by _____

A

the interventricular septum
a continuation of the interatrial septum

32
Q

the interventricular septum and the interatrial spetum together from the ______

A

atrioventricular septum

33
Q

interventricular septum is visible on the outside of the heart as the

A

Interventricular groove
the groove contains coronary vessels and if frequently filled with fat

34
Q

what happens when the ventricles have filled with blood from the atria

A

ventricular walls contract and force blood through one-way valves into arteries

35
Q

right ventricle ->

A

pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary artery

36
Q

left ventricle ->

A

systemic circulation through the aorta

37
Q

since the right ventricle doesn’t have to pump blood far, the wall are

A

thinner than that of the left ventricle

38
Q

the left ventricular walls have to pump blood through the entire body, so these walls have to be ….

A

thicker so it will contract with greater force
these walls are so thick they push the right ventricular wall to the right and form the apex of the heart

39
Q

there are 4 one-way valves that control blood flow. where are they located

A

two are located btwn the right and left atria and respective ventricles
the other two are located btwn the ventricles and the arteries they pump blood to
these valves close at specific times to prevent backflow of blood to the previous chamber

40
Q

________________ are located between the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

41
Q

The right AV valve consists of 3 flaps or cusps of endothelium and is known as

A

the tricuspid valve

42
Q

the tricuspid valve opens when

A

the pressure from the amount of blood in the right atrium forces it to open
this allows the blood to flow into the right ventricle

43
Q

when does the tricuspid valve close

A

when the pressure in the right ventricle exceeds the pressure in the atrium and causes the tricuspid valves to snap shut

44
Q

What keeps the valve from opening backwards into the atrium?

A

a bundle of collagen fiber cords called cordae tendonae
attached to the edge of each cusps and to papillary muscles in the wall of the right ventricle

45
Q

the left AV valve only has two cusps and is known as the

A

bicuspid valve
more commonly known as the mitral valve
also has cordae tendonae attached

46
Q

the valves that control blood flow out of the ventricles and into the arteries are ________

A

semilunar valves
has three cusps and resemble a crescent moon

47
Q

The right semilunar valve is the _________

A

pulmonary valve
flows to the pulmonary valve
also known as the pulmonic valve

48
Q

the left semilunar valve is the ______

A

aortic valve
controls blood flow to the aorta

49
Q

“Skeleton” of the heart is located between the atria and the ventricles
made up of 4 dense fibrous connect tissue rings and has 4 functions

A

separates the atria and ventricles
anchors the heart valve
provides a point if attachment for the myocardium
provides some electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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