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Repro > Sex > Flashcards

Sex Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up semen?

A

Spermatozoa + seminal plasma

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2
Q

Where is the seminal plasma derived from?

A

Accessory glands of male reproductive tract - seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral

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3
Q

Function of semen

A

Transport medium for sperm
Nutrition
Buffering (for acidic vagina)
Prostaglandins stimulate muscular activity in female tract?

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4
Q

Seminal vesicles contribution

A

60% (most)
alkaline fluid - neutralises acidic vagina and male urethra (urine)

fructose - nutrients

prostaglandins - stop foreign body rejection

clotting factors - initially clots in vagina and then liquifies (semenogelin esp)

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5
Q

Prostate gland contribution

A

25% volume
milky, slightly acidic
proteolytic enzymes - breakdown clotting proteins and reliquify semen in 10-20 mins
citric acid
acid phosphatase

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6
Q

Bulbourethral glands contribution

A

VERY small volume
alklaline fluid
mucuous that lubricates end of penis and urethra
= pre-ejaculate

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7
Q

normal semen volume

A

1.5 mls (1.4-1.7)

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8
Q

Normal total sperm count

A

39 million (33-46)

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9
Q

normal sperm concentration

A

15 million per ml (12-16)

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10
Q

Motility percent of sperm

A

40% (38-42)

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11
Q

Progressive motility of sperm percent (move forward)

A

32% (31-34)

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12
Q

Vitality sperm percent (alive)

A

58% (55-63)

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13
Q

sperm morphology percent (that look normal)

A

4% (3-4)

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14
Q

Where do sperm and egg meet and fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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15
Q

How far does sperm travel to egg?

A

100,000 times its length - very far

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16
Q

4 phases of sexual response (for males and females)

A

Excitement phase - psychogenic or somatogenic stimuli (mind or touch)
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase
Resolution phase - return to haemodynamic norm

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17
Q

Males vs females resolution phase

A

Males have refractory period - females do not so can have multiple orgasms

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18
Q

Control of erection and ejaculation

A

Point (erection) - Parasympathetic (p and p)

Shoot (ejaculate) - sympathetic (s and s)

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19
Q

Nerves that carry the efferent response for an erection

A

Pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)

Pudendal nerve (somatic, voluntary)

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20
Q

What happens to the blood vessels in an erection?

A

Smooth muscle of the coiled helicine arteries in the corpus cavernosum relax and straighten
Allows blood to flow in and fill corpus cavernosum

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21
Q

Muscles that assist with an erection

A

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus compress the venous plexuses (trapping blood in penis)

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22
Q

What occurs in a flaccid penis with blood flow?

A

Arterio-venous anastomoses allows blood to bypass the corpus cavernosum and it doesn’t fill with blood

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nerves associated with an erection

A

Pelvic nerve and pelvic plexus
Cavernous nerve to corpora and vasculature

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24
Q

Describe the neurophysiology of an erection

A

Sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerves inhibited
Activation of parasympathetic NS
Activation of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, autonomic nerves to arteries releasing NITRIC OXIDE
Stimulates cGMP rise (via guanylate cyclase)
This causes decrease in intracellular calcium
This means smooth muscle relaxation

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25
Q

Describe pathway for nitric oxide release (via Ach)

A

Post-ganglionic fibres release Ach
Ach binds to M3 receptors on endothelial cells
Increase cell Ca2+ activates NOS (nitric oxide synthase)
Nitric oxide produced and diffuses into vascular smooth muscle = vasodilation (relaxation)

26
Q

Causes of erectile dysfunction

A

Psychological - descending inhibition of spinal reflexes
Vascular - diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease
Anatomical
Neurogenic peripheral - polyneuropathy, diabetes mellitus
Neurogenic central - spinal cord lesion, multiple sclerosis
Hormonal
Drugs

27
Q

How does viagra work?

A

Slows the rate of cGMP degradation - cGMP stays in cell for longer, prolonged vasoldilation

28
Q

Two parts of ‘shoot’

A

Emission - movement of semen into prostatic urethra

Ejaculation - expulsion of semen

29
Q

Muscles involved in emission

A

Contraction of smooth muscle in prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

30
Q

Muscles involved in ejaculation

A

Contraction of glands and ducts (smooth muscle)

Bladder internal sphincter contracts - stop semen going up into bladder

Rhythmic contractions of striated muscle - pelvic floor, perineal muscles ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

31
Q

Oestrogen effect on uterus

A

Follicular phase:
Thickening endometrium
Thin alkaline cervical mucus
Glowing skin, hair
Growth of myometrium
Motility

32
Q

Progesterone effects on body

A

Luteal phase:
Further thickening of endometrium (secretory)
Reduction motility
Thickening myoemetrium
Thick, acidic cervical mucus
Development of breast tissue
Increased body temp

33
Q

Describe the changes of cervical mucus over menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation when oestrogen is high - thin, stretchy watery mucus (allows sperm passage)

Luteal phase where oestrogen and progesterone are high - thick sticky mucus, forms plug (hinders sperm passage)

34
Q

What happens during the excitement phase of the sexual response to the female repro tract?

A

Clitoris enlarges
Labia swell
Vaginal lubrication

35
Q

What happens in the plateau phase of the sexual response to the female repro tract?

A

Uterus elevates
Labia change colour
Vagina expands - tenting
Orgasmic platform develops

36
Q

What happens in orgasmic phase of the sexual response in female repro tract?

A

Uterus contracts
Rhythmic contractions in orgasmic platform
Anal sphincter contracts

37
Q

What happens in the resolution phase to the female repro tract?

A

Uterus lowers
Seminal pool
Vagina returns to normal
Orgasmic platform disappears

38
Q

Where is sperm deposited in the vagina?

A

External os and within the fornices of the vagina - allows sperm to drip down into external os

39
Q

What is a fertilised egg known as?

A

a zygote

40
Q

Stages of fertilised egg

A

Zygote
First cleavage - 2 cells
Then 4, 8, 16 etc
Morula forms
Blastocyst (blastocoel cavity, embryoblast and trophoblast)
Hatching from zona pellucida
Implantation (has epiblast and hypoblast)

41
Q

What has to happen to allow sperm to fertilise the egg?

A

Capacitation - sperm lose their heads

42
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Maturation of sperm in female repro tract
Sperm cell membrane changes allow fusion with the oocyte cell surface
Tail movement changes from beat to whip-like

= Now capable of undergoing acrosome reaction

43
Q

Fertile window

A

Sperm survive for 48-72 hours
Oocytes survive for 6-24hrs

Fertile period = 3 days prior to ovulation –> ovulation

44
Q

How are gametes transported towards eachother?

A

Oocyte - beating cilia and peristalsis of uterine tube

Sperm - propels itself with whip-like tail movements

45
Q

4 key points of fertilisation

A

Occurs in ampulla usually of fallopian tubes
Requires loss of sperm’s outer shell (acrosome)
Penetrates ovum membrane, fusion of ova and sperm membrane
Fusion of pronuclei

46
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

From golgi of developing spermatid
Outer shell layer around sperm
Contains enzymes necessary for fertilisation

47
Q

What happens to trigger the acrosome reaction?

A

Sperm pushes through corona radiata (layer around ovum)
Surface receptor on sperm binds to ZP3 glycoprotein on zona pellucida
Triggers acrosome reaction
Zona pellucida gets digested

48
Q

What occurs in ferrtilisation?

A

One sperm penetrates leading to fusion of plasma membranes

49
Q

What reaction blocks multiple sperm (polyspermy) fertilising the egg?

A

Cortical reaction - makes membrane fused and tougher to stop other sperm getting in.
Can cause miscarriage if multiple sperm try to fertilise

50
Q

What is allowed to complete when fertilisation happens?

A

Meiosis II of the oocyte

51
Q

How does meiosis II complete?

A

Calcium waves activated following fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes
Meiosis II occurs

52
Q

What happens following completion of meiosis II in fertilisation?

A

Pronuclei move together
Mitotic spindle forms leading to cleavage

53
Q

Morula cells - whats special about them?

A

Each cell at this stage is TOTIPOTENT and can become ANY cell type

54
Q

What is assisted reproductive technology?

A

Oocytes can be fertilised in-vitro
Then allowed to divide to the 4-8 cell stage
Morula is then transferred into uterus

55
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

A cell can be safely removed from the morula before being implanted in mother and tested for serious inheritable conditions

56
Q

What happens in the first differentiation in embryo?

A

Inner and outer cell mass formed - embryoblast and trophoblast = blastocyst
With blastocoel cavity

57
Q

Why does the blastocyst then hatch from the zona pellucida?

A

To allow enlargement - was constricted prior to this
Allows interaction with uterine wall and can implant

58
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

Trophoblast (outer cell mass) interacts with endometrium
Endometrium controls degree of invasion - how deep it goes

59
Q

Problem with ectopic implantation

A

Endometrium not lining these surfaces so cannot control degree of invasion
Keeps invading and can cause damage and haemorrhage

60
Q

What happens if the embryo implants in the lower uterine segment?

A

Placenta praevia - placenta grows over cervix
During birth this can rupture and cause haemorrhage - often have C section

Repro (22 decks)

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