inflammation 5

Question 1

chronic inflammation definition

Answer 1

inflammation of prolonged duration (Weeks to years) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair proceed simultaneously
may follow acute inflammation or may skip acute inflammation

Question 2

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

persistent infections-by certain microorganisms
prolonged exposure to toxic agent
foreign bodies
autoimmunity-autoantigens evoke a self-perpetuating immune reaction

Question 3

morphologic features of chronic inflammation

Answer 3

infiltration with mononuclear cells-macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells (b cells)
tissue destruction by persistent, offending agents or inflammatory cells
healing by connective tissue replacement=fibrosis (collagen)-angiogenesis+immature fibrous tissue=granulation tissue

Question 4

acute vs chronic

Answer 4

acute-vascular changes, edema, and neutrophils
chronic inflammation-macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, and fibrosis

Question 5

macrophage activation

Answer 5

microbial products-LPS (endotoxin)
cytokines-IFN-gamma
activation result in increased: cell size, lysosomal enzymes, metabolism and ability to phagocytose and kill ingested microbes

Question 6

macrophages accumulate at site of chronic inflammation

Answer 6

continued recruitment of monocytes from circulation in response to chemotactic stimuli
local proliferation of macrophages

Question 7

lymphocytes

Answer 7

involved in antibody and cell mediated immune reaction
lymphocytes migrate to sites of inflammation using adhesion molecules and chemokines
bidirectional interaction between lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 8

plasma cells

Answer 8

developed from activated B cell
produce antibody at the site of persistent antigen

Question 9

eosinophils

Answer 9

respond to parasitic infections or allergies (IgE)
granules contain major basic protein-toxic to parasites and causes tissue destruction

Question 10

neutrophils

Answer 10

may be an important component in foci of chronic inflammation

Question 11

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 11

distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages +/- giant cells (fused epithelioid cells)
etiology-infectious agents and foreign substances

Question 12

granuloma

Answer 12

focal area of granulomatous inflammation
central epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells
caseous necrosis is seen with granuloma formation in some cases

Question 13

systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 13

acute phase reactions
fever-due to synthesis of prostaglandins-tells the brain to increase temperature set point
synthesis of acute phase protein-C reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen
leukocytosis-increased number of circulating leukocytes-accelerated release of leukocytes from bone marrow