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Virology > Picornaviridae Togaviridae Arenaviridae > Flashcards

Picornaviridae Togaviridae Arenaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology and Structure of Picornaviruses

Virion: non-_________, _____, (23-25 nm), __________ symmetry
* Genome:
– (___Ve) sense RNA, 7.2-8.4 kb
* RNA is _________
– Ten genes, eleven proteins (poliovirus)
* VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 structural proteins
– VP____ interacts with viral RNA
* 2A, 2B, 2C proteases
* 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D RNA replication
– __________ replication

A

enveloped, small, Icosahedral, +, polyadenylated, 4, Cytoplasmic

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2
Q
A

Picornaviruses

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3
Q

Morphology and Structure of Picornaviruses

A
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4
Q

Members of the Picornaviridae Cause Many Serious Diseases
of Man and Animals
1. Genus Apthovirus
- ____ and _____ disease, most destructive in Africa
2. Genus Rhinovirus
- cause ______ tract infections, acid labile, cause _____ in humans (110 types) and pigs
3. Genus Enterovirus
- _______ type member, 3 major types cause paralysis
4. Genus Hepatovirus
- Hepatitis __, contagious ___ infections
5. Genus Cardiovirus
- ____ group, cause ____ and ____ inflammation, acid labile, source is a ____ reservoir

A

Foot, mouth, respiratory, colds, Poliovirus, A, liver, EMC, heart, brain, rodent

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5
Q

A Phylogenetic Tree of the Picornaviridae

A
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6
Q

General properties of Picornaviruses

A

Hepatitis = inflammation of liver, multiple causes
In viral hepatitis: ABCDEF
Hepatitis E = zoonotic virus, transmitted from pigs to humans

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7
Q

Genome structure and organization of Picornaviridae

A

How can we use/maximize benefits from genetic material?
Structural proteins = 5’ end
no structural = 3’ end
Can crop genome organization, put under one another
Vp4, etc encode P1
What encodes P2 and P3?

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8
Q

Genome structure and organization of Picornaviridae

A
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9
Q

Picornavirus Members Bind to Many Different Host Receptors

A

Car = coxaci adenovirus receptor
Virus uses receptors to enter cell

I am-1, Vcam-1, CD55

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10
Q

Replication of Picornavirus RNA

A

Positive sense RNA virus
Review replication of positive sense viruses
Lipid bilayer structure
Bottom left picture: receptor and key have to match in order for virus to enter

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11
Q

Geographical distribution of Foot and Mouth Disease

A

Family
Genus
7 distinct serotypes
Not cross protective = one vaccine agonist and one strain will not protect against other strains
Memorize names
Carribbean, Oceania, north and Central America = free b/c strict control measures.

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12
Q

FMDV-Host Range
All _________-_________ domestic animals including:

Most _______-footed wild animals:

A

cloven, hoofed

-Cattle
Buffalo
-Sheep
-Goats
-Swine

cloven

-Deer
-Bison
-Feral hogs
-Antelope

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13
Q

Armadillos are not only ________ but are capable of transmitting ______ to ___________ and _____ species of animals. FMDV is not reported in _____-toed animals such as as?

INSERT picture from this slide

A

susceptible, FMDV, each other, other, Odd, Horses, Zebras and Rhinos

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14
Q

Some epidemiological hints-FMDV
1. __________ 100% in susceptible animal population located in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, others.
2. _________ less than 1%
- Higher in _______ animals and highly _______ virus strains
- Animals generally _________ to prevent spread (e.g. incineration)

Incubation period depends on which _____ of FMD virus (___ serotypes), _______, and the route of ____. Can be as short as __-__ days in close contact or as long as ___-___ days from windborne
infection. Experimentally shown to be as short as?

A

Morbidity, Mortality, young, virulent, destroyed, strain, 7, dosage, entry, 2-3, 10-14, 18-24 hour

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15
Q

Worldwide distribution of FMDV
Get notes

A
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16
Q

FMDV-Clinical Signs
 Incubation period: 2 to 14 days
** ____ and _____
** Feet, mouth, nares, muzzle, teats
 Progress to erosions
 Lameness, reluctance to move,
sloughing of hooves
 Abortion
 Oral lesions (vesicles)
 Tongue, dental pad, gums, soft
palate, nostrils, muzzle
** Excess _______, _____, nasal _____
** ____, ____ of body condition
 Erosion and ulceration on the teat
of the udder
 Death in young animals

A

Fever, vesicles, salivation, drooling, discharge, Lethargy, loss

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17
Q

FMDV-Clinical Signs cont…

Post photos

A

Sloughing of hoof —> regeneration occurring; occurs in severe cases
Hard palate, interdigital space.

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18
Q

Transmission of FMDV
Entire chart

A
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19
Q

Temporal progression of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in naïve and vaccinated cattle

A

See difference between pattern of disease in vaccinated versus unvaccinated

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20
Q

FMDV-Clinical Signs: Sheep and Goats
Mild form
 Fever, Lameness
 Erosion and ulceration in the mouth

A

This one

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21
Q
A

FMDV

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22
Q

Epidemiology of FMDV

A

Recovered animal good immunity for awhile
Death/slaughter

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23
Q

FMDV-Post Mortem Lesions
 Single or multiple vesicles
 Various stages
of development
 White area, 2mm-10cm
***____ filled blister
 Red erosion, fibrin coating
 Dry lesions
 Sloughed hooves
____ heart appearance = image **

A

fluid, Tiger

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24
Q

FMDV-Laboratory Diagnosis
 ________ diseases are clinically indistinguishable!
 Suspect animals with ______ or ______ and vesicles
 Tranquilization may be necessary
 Laboratory testing essential

A

Vesicular, salivation, lameness

Ante mortem sample: saliva b/c rich in virus since it is secreted in saliva
Post mortem sample:

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25
Q

Principles of FMDV diagnosis

A

This slide

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26
Q

Differential diagnosis of Vesicular diseases based on the naturally occurring
diseases in different domestic species of animals

A

Highlighted portion
R = resistant
S= susceptible

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27
Q

Study

A
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28
Q

Clinical Comparison: Snout in pigs
Morphology differs between types

A
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29
Q

Clinical Comparison: Feet

A
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30
Q

Differential Diagnosis of FMDV in various animal species

A

Put family

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31
Q

Porcine enteroviruses (PEVs)
______ disease
______ disease
Reproductive diseases porcine enteroviruses

  • **Two distinct serotypes (PEV___ and ___) was first reported in 1979
  • It is associated with the _______ strain of porcine enterovirus, serotype PEV___
  • Most infections with porcine enteroviruses, which belong to the
    family _________, cause no apparent disease, but some strains are capable of
    causing ** ___________: (**_____ and _______)
  • Reproductive disorders (stillbirths, foetal mummification, embryonic death and
    infertility
A

Teschen, Talfan

9, 10, neurotropic, 1 Picornaviridae, polioencephalomyelitis, Teschen and Talfan

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32
Q

PEV - Pigs with _________ paralysis, adopts a ____-sitting posture
Put image

A

posterior, dog

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33
Q

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)
* EMCV is resistant to many environmental conditions and remains stable
at pH 3–8
* EMCV has a broad host range and has been isolated in over 30 species of
mammals and birds.
* Rodents are thought to be the reservoir species.
* In neonatal pigs, mortality rates can reach ____%
* Pig-to-human transmission has not been documented
* Ingestion, either of EMCV-infected carcasses (rats or mice) or of
food/water contaminated by infected carcasses, is thought to be the
primary route of transmission in swine. Direct pig-to-pig transmission has
not been demonstrated.
* Sudden death can occur in _______. Lethargy, fever, anorexia, dyspnea,
vomiting, and paralysis

A

100, neonates

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

FMDV disease in Humans
 Very low incidence
 40 cases since 1921
 Most reports ended when FMD was eradicated in _____
 NOT a public health concern
 Incubation period: 2 to 6 days
 Clinical signs
 Mild headache, malaise, fever
** _____, ______ sensation of fingers, ____, ____ prior to _____ formation
 Clinical disease rare
** Infected by ____ contact, ingestion of unprocessed ___/____ products
** Type ___, __, rarely A
 Transmit virus to animals
 Rarely harbor virus in respiratory tract for 1-2 days
*** Low risk of _______ carriage
 Contaminated boots, clothing, vehicles

A

Europe, Tingling, burning, palms, feet, vesicle

direct, milk, dairy, O, C, prolonged

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36
Q

FMDV-Vaccination
 Killed vaccine, serotype specific
 North American Foot-and-Mouth Vaccine Bank
 ______ ______, NY
 Monitor disease outbreaks worldwide
 Stock active serotypes and strains
 Essential to isolate virus and identify the serotype to select
correct vaccine

**FMD ___ vaccine: Aftovac pure
** _______ Vaccine: Aftovax
- vaccinate only healthy animals

A

Plum Island, VRI, Inactivated

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37
Q

Features of ideal FMDV vaccines

A
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38
Q

Recommended actions in FMDV outbreaks
 Confirmatory diagnosis
 _________
 Must properly destroy exposed?
 Products:
 2% sodium hydroxide (lye)
 4% sodium carbonate (soda ash)
 5.25% sodium hypochlorite
(household bleach)
 0.2% citric acid
 Areas must be free of organic matter
for disinfectants to be effective

A

Depopulation, cadavers, litter, animal products

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39
Q

Bovine enterovirus (BEV)
** Belongs to the genus __________
** ____ (18–30 nm), non-_______ viruses with an ________ capsid
** Only two serotypes, BEV-__ and BEV-__ are now
recognized
* Isolation of BEV from feces and various tissues
from apparently healthy animals or from animals
with clinical signs that ranged from mild to
moderate diarrhea to reproductive disease
*** Sometimes the mucosa of the ____ _______ and ______ had multiple foci of _______ and _____
* Virus isolation from intestinal lesions followed by
electron microscopy yielded an approximately 27
nm, nonenveloped, cytopathic, virus

A

Enterovirus, Small, enveloped, icosahedral, 1, 2, spiral, colon, cecum, hemorrhage, ulceration

40
Q

**Avian encephalomyleits virus (AEV) OR __________ ________ ___

* Viral infection of the _______ system of many _____ birds, chickens, turkeys, quail, pheasants, and pigeons
** Causes ______ manifestations such as ataxia, tremors, and paralysis
* Vertical and horizontal transmissions have
been documented.
* Microscopic lesions in the CNS in the
brain (cerebral peduncle, cerebellum, brain
stem) and spinal cord
* Degeneration and necrosis of _____,
perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and
gliosis with the formation of glial nodules
*** __________ of neurons in the ________ _______ = AEV

A

Tremor virus A, nervous, naive, nervous, neurons, Chromatolysis, medulla oblongata

41
Q
A

Picture for AEV

42
Q

AEV strain classification and Pathogenicity
**Pathotype-I: presented by _____ ___ strains: enterotropic
*** These strains infect chickens readily via the ____-____ route, multiply
in the intestine, and shed in feces.
**** Pathotype-II: ______-adapted strains constitute the other pathotype
** They do not infect via the oral route except with very ___ dose, and do not spread _____
*** _________ accumulations occur in viscera, particularly the ________ is characteristic

A

natural, field, oral-fecal, Embryo, high, horizontally, Lymphocytic, pancreas

43
Q

Duck Viral Hepatitis (DVH
** (DVH) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease typically affecting __________ less than six weeks of age
** Short incubation period, sudden onset, high mortality, and characteristic liver lesions
** should not be confused with duck hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae)
*** DHAV-1: now classified in the genus _____________
** Two antigenically distinct genotypes have been identified in Taiwan (DHAV-___) and identified in China and South Korea (DHAV-____).
***** DVH propagated in chicken and duck embryos, and they do not produce hemagglutinins

A

ducklings, Avihepatovirus, 2, 3

44
Q

In cases of duck viral hepatitis virus, the _____ is enlarged and covered with _______ foci up to 1 cm in diameter
** Spleen may be _____ and ______.
** Kidneys may be ______, and renal blood vessels ______

A

Liver, hemorrhagic, enlarged, mottled, swollen, congested

45
Q
A

Picture of DVH

46
Q

Equine Rhinitis virus
* The equine rhinitis-A virus and the equine rhinitis-B virus
** Rhinovirus, differentiating _____ groups according to their
characteristics: equine rhinovirus-1,equine rhinovirus-2, equine
rhinovirus-3 and **_____-stable equine picornavirus
*** Later the equine rhinovirus type ___ was renamed Equine Rhinitis A Virus (ERAV), being classified within the genus Aphthovirus, the other three were included in a new genus called *** ________
Considering three serotypes of Equine Rhinitis B Virus(ERBV-1, ERBV
-2, and ERBV-3).
* Isolated from oral and nasopharyngeal secretions, plasma and urine
*** Main route of excretion seems to be urine
*** Clinical signs: fever (1 to 3 days), anorexia, serous to mucopurulent
nasal discharge, ________, _______, cough, and ___________.
** Diagnosis can be carried out directly by demonstrating the presence of
the virus through viral _______ or detection of viral ____ by RT- PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs or urine in the case of ERAV
***** ___________: indirectly detecting increased specific antibodies
against these viruses.

A

four, acid, 1, Erbovirus, pharyngitis, bronchitis, lymphadenopathy, isolation, RNA, Seroconversion

47
Q
A

Equine Rhinitis virus

48
Q

Picornaviruses infect humans

A

Large number of viruses cause Hepatitis syndrome. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and F.
Hep E is most important for us b/c it is zoonotic. Transmits from pigs, especially animals that eat liver and sausage, if transmitted can be transmitted to humans.

49
Q

Poliovirus
**-Principally an infection of the __________ tract
-Most people who get infected with poliovirus (about 72 /100) will
not have any visible symptoms
**-About 25% with poliovirus infection will have ___-like symptoms
**-Very contagious and spreads through _____-to-_____ contact
**Clinical spectrum
-Abortive poliomyelitis
-Fever, malaise, headache, vomiting, etc.
-Resolves in about a week
**Nonparalytic poliomyelitis (an aseptic meningitis)
-Similar symptoms, but also back pain
-Paralysis can occur in a small percentage of cases
Paralytic poliomyelitis
-Motor neuron damage
-Mostly flaccid paralysis, but spasms in some
-Recovery within 6 months, otherwise permanent
**Progressive postpoliomyelitis muscle atrophy
(postpolio syndrome)
Can appear decades after polio infection

A

gastrointestinal, flu, person, person

50
Q
A

Poliovirus

51
Q

Disappearance of Polio in the USA
* Children under 5 years are more susceptible to
Poliovirus infection
* Two types of Poliovirus vaccines
** Inactivated Polio-vaccines (IPV): ____ vaccine
*** Oral Poliovirus vaccine (OPV): _____ vaccine

A

Salk, Sabin

52
Q

Coxsachievirus-CVB3-Induced Myocarditis
* Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart
muscle cells
* 20% of sudden unexpected death in young
adults
**** _______ cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis Heart

A

Dilated

53
Q
A
54
Q

ALL
Family: Togavirida
General properties of Togaviridae
* Morphology and structures
* Classification
* EE (EEV, WEV, and VEV)
* SAV
* Chikungunyavirus
* Pathogenesis
* Epidemiology
47
II.

A
55
Q
A

Toga: from Latin toga “cloak”
an outdoor
overgarment, typically
sleeveless, that hangs
loosely from the
shoulders

56
Q

Classification of Togaviridae

A
57
Q

General criteria of family Togaviridae
__-__ kb of __VE sense, non- ________ RNA

A

10-12, +, segmented

58
Q
A
59
Q
A

Family: Togaviridae

60
Q

Alphavirus structure
* Envelope: lipid bilayer derived from the host
cell plasma membrane
* Contains 2 viral glycoproteins (E1 and E2)
* The only proteins in the envelopes of
alphaviruses are the viral ________,
each anchored in the lipid at or near their C- terminus.
* On the virion surface, E__ and E__ are closely paired and together form trimers that appear as “______” in an orderly array.

A

glycoproteins, 1, 2, spikes

61
Q

Genome structure and organization of Togaviruses
51
* __Ve ____ RNA , ___-__ kbs long
* The virion RNA: infectious and serves as both genome and viral messenger RNA
* The whole genome: translated in a ___-______ polyprotein
* Structural polyprotein: expressed through a __________ ______
* The 5’-terminus carries a ___ and the 3’-terminus has a _______ ___
* ~11.7kb, 4-8% total weight of particle
* NSP encoded at the 5’ end

A

+, SS, 10-12, non-structural, subgenomic mRNA, cap, PolyA tail

62
Q

Replication cycle of Togaviruses

A
63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q

Human/animal Risks and Outcomes
Human
* Eastern equine encephalitis
– ______ most at risk
– Case fatality rate: 33%
* Western equine encephalitis
– _____ <1 year most at risk
– Case fatality rate: 3%
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis
– ______ most often affected
– Fatalities are rare
Animal Risks and Outcomes
* Case-fatality rate in horses
– EEE ~ 90%
– VEE ~ 50 to 90%
– WEE ~ <30%
* Vaccine available
in the U.S

A

Elderly, Children, Children

66
Q
A
67
Q

EEEV is maintained in infection cycles which involves passerine birds and ditch
mosquitoes (Culiseta melanura)
* Periodic epidemic outbreaks of EEEV in wild birds involve mosquito species such
as Aedes solicitants and Coquillettidia perturbans which feed both on birds and on
mammals.
* VEEV is maintained in sylvatic cycles involving rodents and mosquitoes (Culex
species) in swampy habitats
* The cycle of infection of WEEV involves mosquitoes, usually Culex tarsalis and
indigenous wild birds.

A
68
Q

Equine Encephalitis
(Eestern EE, Western EE, Venezuelan EE)
EEE, WEE, VEE
 Mosquito-borne viral infections cause severe
encephalitis in horses and humans
 Some of these viruses also cause disease
occasionally in other mammals and birds
 All of them have the same epidemiological,
pathological and control outlines
* They occur in North, Central, and South
America
* Mosquitoes and birds or rodent act as
reservoirs of each virus
*
* Viruses are primarily carried by birds or
rodents and transmitted by mosquitoes

A

Head pressing

69
Q

Transmission cycle of EEV and VEE

A
70
Q

Transmission and pathogenesis of equine viral encephalitis
______ & _______: considered **dead-end** hosts for EEE &WEE viruses;
-direct horse-to-horse or horse-to-human transmission does not occur
** Unlike the EEE and WEE viruses, the VEE virus: shed in the ____ and _____
secretions of infected animals,
-transmission of disease by direct contact or aerosolization
an infected equine is capable of infecting a susceptible animal or human
* Infection follows the bite of infected mosquito
*** Virus replicate at site of ____ and regional _______ _____
* Generalized infection and viremia in which the virus replicates in the
lymphoid tissues throughout the body
*** Virus entry into ____ after replication in the endothelial cells lining the blood
vessels in the brain

A

Horses, humans, oral, nasal, bite, lymph nodes, CNS

71
Q

Do not need to know this

A
72
Q

ALL
Clinical signs of equine viral encephalitis
* Clinical sings: CNS involvements
-sever depression, behavior change,
-animal unable to stand on feet
-central blindness, paralysis, and
-death soon after the onset of clinical sings

A
73
Q
A

Equine viral encephalitis

74
Q

Diagnosis of equine viral encephalitis

** Ante mortem:
* serology
– Virus neutralization
– Hemagglutination inhibition
– ELISA
– Complement fixation
– Virus isolation
** Post mortem
– Virus identified in tissues (brain)
– Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, RT-PCR

A
75
Q

Equine Encephalitis Summary
* West Nile Encephalitis
–* Late ________ through ________
– ? signs
–* ______/________ common
–___% mortality
* Eastern Encephalitis
–* ____ through late _____
–* Brain (cerebral) signs always
– 90% mortality
* Western Encephalitis (similar to EEE; 30% mortality)

A

summer, December, Spinal cord/brain, Tremors, weakness, 30, Spring, summer

76
Q

Salmoind Alphavirus- (SAV)
* Genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae
* 4 structural capsid glycoproteins (E1, E2, E3, and **6K) by the 3′ end and
4 nonstructural proteins (nsP1-4) by the 5′ end
** E__ has an important function in receptor _______ to host cell
mediating the internalization of the virus, playing major role in the final
envelope formation and in the budding of new viruses
* Six subtypes of salmonid alphavirus (SAV1–6) have been reported
* Different subtype strains tested being serologically closely related
members of the same viral species
** Sleeping disease: in rainbow trout is known to be caused by the ______
subtype of SAV (SAV__)
** SAV2 has been divided into two subgroups named ________ variant
(SAV2 FW) and ______ variant (SAV2 MW)
* SAV2 MW: responsible for pancreas disease (PD) in seawater-reared
Atlantic salmon
** SAV3: has been isolated from _______ Atlantic salmon in Norway hence
it is also named ________ _____ alphavirus (NSAV). It causes __________ disease in Atlantic salmon and sea-reared
rainbow trout
** SAV3: has genomic organization identical to that of SAV__ and SAV____
* SAV3 has only been detected in Norway, where until 2010 no other
subtypes were detected
* Subtypes 4–6 of SAV (SAV4–6) have been detected in Scotland and
Ireland in connection with PD outbreaks

A

2, binding, second, 2, freshwater, marine, farmed, Norwegian salmonid, pancreas, 1, 2

77
Q
A

A- Young rainbow trout signs of Sleeping
diseases (SD), including failure to
keep position in water, distended
abdomen, bilateral exophthalmia
B- Skeletal muscle lesions during acute
infection
C- Skeletal muscle lesions during chronic
infection
D- Partially purified and then negative
staining EM of SAV

78
Q

Commercial vaccines against SAV

A

Box around type and delivery method

norvax compact PD is highlighted

79
Q

Chikungunyavirus-CV
** CV: ___RNA virus belongs to _______, genus _______
* Chikungunya derives from a word in the Kimakonde/Makonde language,
meaning “to become _________”, and describes the stooped appearance of
sufferers with joint pain (arthralgia).
** CV: transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected __________
** Aedes spp., Aedes ______ and Ae. _______
**** Nonhuman and human ______ are likely the main reservoirs of the virus, and
human-to-vector to-human transmission occurs during outbreaks
* CV: causes large outbreaks with high attack rates, affecting one-third to three-
quarters of the population in areas where the virus is circulating
** CV: infection causes sudden onset of high _____ ____ pains
* Headache, myalgia, arthritis, conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, or a
maculopapular rash
* No specific antiviral treatment is available for chikungunya

A

ss, Togaviridae, Alphavirus, contorted, mosquito, aegypti, Albopictus,, primates, fever, joint

80
Q
A

Study all boxed + chikungunya

81
Q
A

Vaccine against SAV

82
Q

skipped

A
83
Q

III: Family: Arenaviridae
** The first Arenavirus, _________ _______
virus (LCMV), was isolated in 1933
** LCMV was found to be a cause of aseptic (nonbacterial) ________

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, meningitis

84
Q

study

A
85
Q

General properties of Arenavirus
* Virion: are pleomorphic, enveloped, -300
nm in size
* Virion contains non-functional host-cell
riboisomes
** Virions contains at least two _______ _______ nuclocapsid with associated ____-dependant RNA polymerase
* **Genome: consists ____ segments,
large 7.2, small 3.4 kb of SS RNA both _______
** Replication occur in the ________:
generally noncytocydal; persistent
infection
*** ________ from the plasma membrane
** Genetic re-assortment occur between closely related viruses.

A

circular, helical, RNA, two, Ambisense, cytoplasm, Budding

86
Q
A

Arenavirus

87
Q
A
88
Q

Genome structure and organization of Arenavirus

A
89
Q

Replication cycle of Arenavirus

A
90
Q

Arenaviruses
* Arenaviruses are divided into
two groups – New World and
Old World viruses based on
genetic differences as well as
geographical distribution
** New World viruses are found in
the _______ Hemisphere North
and South America
*** Ex: ______ virus
*** Old World viruses occur in the ______ Hemisphere, Africa,
Europe, and Asia
** Ex: _____ fever (LASV)

A

Western, Chapare, Eastern, Lassa

91
Q

Classification and distribution of Arenaviruses

A
92
Q
A

look at highlights

93
Q

Transmission of Arenaviruses- Reservoirs & Vectors

A

study

94
Q

Transmission of Arenaviruses (LASV)
* The rodent hosts of
Arenavirus species are
chronically infected with
virus
* Some Arenavirus types
appear to be passed from
mother rodents to their
offspring during
pregnancy
* Remain in the rodent
population generation
after generation
* Most infections are
transmitted among adult
rodents, likely via fighting
and inflicting bites.

A
95
Q

78
LASV transmission and mortality rates in humans

A
96
Q

Comparison of the disease phenotypes between OW and NW Arenaviruses

A
97
Q

Add missing cards

A

Virology (17 decks)

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