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CC2 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

studies the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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2
Q

provide insights to therapeutics and
improved laboratory tests that would assess the degree of exposure of poisoned
individuals

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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3
Q

studies animal exposure to poisons and use the findings to interpret what would be the level that would be considered lethal for humans

A

Descriptive toxicology

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4
Q

important in risk assessment, which would be
establishing the standards that describe the level of exposure of certain substances that will be a public health or safety risk.

A

Descriptive toxicology

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5
Q

medicolegal consequences of toxin
exposure

A

Forensic toxicology

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6
Q

special focus on the validation of analytic methods to ascertain the cause of death

A

Forensic toxicology

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7
Q

involves studying interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

A

Clinical toxicology

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8
Q

includes diagnostic testing and therapeutic
interventions

A

Clinical toxicology

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9
Q

gathers and evaluates the data derived from mechanistic and descriptive studies to determine standards that define the level of exposure that is not considered harmful to public health or safety

A

Regulatory toxicology

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10
Q

identification of toxic substances through
laboratory analysis of body fluids, wastes or tissues.

A

Analytical toxicology

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11
Q

involves the study of substances that contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere.

A

Environmental toxicology

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12
Q

responsible for the delivery of safe and edible food supply to consumers.

A

Food toxicology

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13
Q

studies the health effects from exposure to toxic substances in the workplace.

A

Occupational toxicology

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14
Q

Actual amount of chemical that enters the body.

A

dose

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15
Q

dose was given over a short period of time usually within 24 hours

A

acute exposure

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16
Q

dose was given over a long period of time

A

chronic exposure

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17
Q

Contact with a chemical that can occur one time or occur on a short-term or long-term basis

A

Exposure

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18
Q

describes the relationship between exposure and health effect, often determined by measuring the effect relative to the dose.

A

Dose-
response

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19
Q

Exogenous agents causing adverse effects on biological systems and are often used to describe chemicals derived from animals,
plants, minerals, or gas

A

Poisons

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20
Q

effect of a chemical exposure that will produce injury to one kind of living organism but has no effect to another closely related living organism.

A

Selective
toxicity

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21
Q

dose or exposure level below which the harmful effects of the chemical are not seen in a population.

A

Threshold
dose

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22
Q

Threshold
dose also known as

A

no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the no effect level (NEL)

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23
Q

Threshold
dose is not applicable to

A

cancer-causing
substances

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24
Q

fatal effects of toxins to the body after exposure through the different routes with a chemical.

A

Toxic

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25
Q

is any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; used when talking about toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of human-made activities.

A

Toxicant

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26
Q

Endogenous substances that are produced naturally in living organisms.

A

Toxins

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27
Q

The degree to which a chemical substance damages an organ system, disrupts a biochemical process or disturbs an enzyme
system

A

Toxicity

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28
Q

The amount it takes to elicit a toxic effect compared with other chemicals

A

Potency

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29
Q

This is done for some toxic exposures, such as blood lead levels or metabolites of chemicals

A

Biologic
monitoring

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30
Q

4 routes of exposure

A

inhalation
injection
ingestion
skin (transdermal absorption)

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31
Q

fastest route for toxins to enter the systemic circulation

A

inhalation

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32
Q

damage by inhalation is determined by

A

concentration
size of molecule
solubility in blood
respiratory rate
respiratory tract condition
length of exposure

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33
Q

route most often seen in clinical settings

A

ingestion

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34
Q

absorption of toxin in GI tract depends on

A

concentration in target organ
chemical and physical form
distribution
metabolism
length of time in target tissue

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35
Q

can also introduce toxic susbtances to the blood

A

injections

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36
Q

examples of injection methods

A

intravenous
intramuscular
subcutaneous

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37
Q

another term for skin route of exposure

A

transdermal absorption

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38
Q

skin is more permeable to

A

fat-soluble chemicals

39
Q

any exposure less than 24 hours up to 72
hours

A

acute exposure

40
Q

require less than 24 hours for toxicity

A

Toxic gases

41
Q

describes repeated exposures to a substance for greater than 72 hours but less than 1 month.

A

Subacute

42
Q

continuous or repeated intermittent
exposure

A

chronic exposure

43
Q

period extending beyond 3
months, between acute and chronic

A

sub chronic exposure

44
Q

Most adverse drug reactions and most complications are usually
associated with

A

continuous or intermittent repeated

45
Q

defined as the
cumulative action of its absorption, biotransformation and elimination.

A

disposition

46
Q

factors that could affect chemical
disposition

A

biochemical nature of the toxicant
exposure route
exposure dose
site of action

47
Q

the disposition is dependent on the processes of

A

absorption
biotransformation
elimination

48
Q

the process by which toxicants cross body membranes and enter the bloodstream.

A

Absorption

49
Q

main sites of absorption

A

GI tract
lungs
skin

50
Q

most common cause
of unintentional exposure to a toxicant

A

Accidental ingestion

51
Q

intentional overdoses most
frequently occur via

A

oral route

52
Q

If a toxicant is an organic acid or base, this tends to be absorbed by __, existing in its most ____

A

simple diffusion
lipid soluble form

53
Q

The amount of chemical that could enter the
systemic circulation after oral administration
depends on the

A

amount absorbed into the GI cells, biotransformation by the GI cells
extraction by the liver into the bile

54
Q

phenomenon of the removal of chemicals in the liver before entrance into the systemic circulation.

A

first- pass effect

55
Q

a certain chemical with high first- pass effect, then this will have _____ absorption

A

lower

56
Q

absorption of the toxicant depends on

A

solubility
dissolution rate
pH
presence of food, digestive enzymes, bile acids, bacterial microflora
motility and permeability of the GI tract.

57
Q

acts as a primary barrier in absorption of inhaled gases

A

nose

58
Q

a film of fluid retains gas molecules if they:

A

are very water soluble
react with cell surface components

59
Q

the smaller the particle, the _______ into the
respiratory tree the particle will deposit.

A

further

60
Q

Soluble particles may dissolve in the

A

mucus

61
Q

Particles that are ____ and smaller penetrate the alveolar sacs of the lungs.

A

1μm

62
Q

have the greatest likelihood of depositing in the alveolar region

A

Nanoparticles

63
Q

The overall removal of particles from the alveoli is relatively efficient. T/F

A

F

64
Q

outermost layer, is the single most important barrier to preventing
absorption of xenobiotics into the body.

A

stratum corneum

65
Q

important factors of stratum corneum

A

thickness
integrity
hydration status

66
Q

generally absorbed quickly

A

Lipophilic (lipid-loving) compounds

67
Q

the movement of
compounds through the layers of the skin

A

passive diffusion

68
Q

Absorption is indirectly proportional to the

A

molecular size

69
Q

introduces the toxicant directly into the bloodstream, which
surpasses the process of absorption

A

Intravenous route

70
Q

results in rapid absorption because of the rich blood supply and the relatively large surface area of the peritoneal cavity

A

Intraperitoneal injection

71
Q

absorbed at slower rates but
eventually enter the systemic circulation

A

Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections

72
Q

primary factors that could influence distribution into the cells of a
particular organ or tissue

A

Blood flow
rate of diffusion out of the capillary bed

73
Q

When the toxicants are concentrated in a specific tissue which may or may not be their site of toxic action, the area is described as a

A

storage depot

74
Q

5 storage depots in the body

A

plasma
liver
kidney
fat
bone

75
Q

major protein in plasma that binds many different compounds as
compared to other proteins.

A

albumin

76
Q

Because of their high molecular weight, plasma
protein-bound toxicants cannot easily cross capillary walls. T/F

A

T

77
Q

In plasma, Toxicity is typically manifested by the amount of xenobiotic that is

A

unbound

78
Q

high binding capacity to plasma proteins

A

low toxicity

79
Q

could compete for endogenous substances that are bound to albumin

A

xenobiotics

80
Q

have high capacity for binding a range of chemicals, either toxicant or therapeutic drugs.

A

liver and kidney

81
Q

has a rich supply of blood and thus may attain high initial concentration of a xenobiotic.

A

liver

82
Q

protective in some way since this storage depot enables the toxicant to not be
stored in the target organ.

A

body fat storage depot

83
Q

obesity causes ______ toxicity for lipophilic toxicants

A

less severe

84
Q

fat is rapidly mobilized causes

A

sudden increase in concentration of chemical

85
Q

Xenobiotics are deposited into bones as a result of the exchange taking place
between the bone surface and the

A

ECF

86
Q

for a toxicant to be excreted through the urine, it has to undergo

A

biotransformation.

87
Q

process of converting fat- soluble chemicals (which are readily absorbed from the GI tract and other sites) into water-soluble chemicals, which are readily excreted into the urine or bile.

A

Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism

88
Q

major routes of excretion

A

urine
stool

89
Q

mechanisms the kidney
uses to remove end products from the body

A

glomerular filtration
tubular excretion by passive diffusion and active tubular secretion.

90
Q

important consideration in urine excretion

A

age - incomplete kidney dev at birth, more slowly in newborns

91
Q

relatively slow process that is a major pathway of elimination only for compounds that have low rates of biotransformation and/or low renal or biliary clearance.

A

intetsinal excretion

92
Q

Gut microflora are capable _______ but favors ______ than secretion

A

biotransformation
reabsorption

93
Q

most important contributing source to fecal excretion

A

biliary route (liver > bile/ hepatic venous blood)

CC2 (11 decks)

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