Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CC2 > TDM > Flashcards

TDM Flashcards

1
Q

the activity of measuring drug concentrations in blood to determine the dose of the medication to an individual.

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

central assumption of TDM

A

relationship between drug concentrations and
efficacy or toxicity outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the study of chemical agents and their effects on
humans.

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

only involved therapeutic drugs that are
valuable in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

part of pharmacology that is concerned primarily
with the application or administration of drugs to patients for the purpose of
prevention and treatment of diseases.

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

comprises the processes of interaction of pharmacologically
active substances with their target sites and the study of their mechanism of action
in leading to therapeutic or adverse effects.

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

processes of uptake, distribution,
biotransformation and elimination of drugs by the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

biochemical or physical process that occurs at the site of action and is usually mediated through a receptor.

A

mechanism of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reflects the fraction of the dose
administered that reaches the systemic circulation.

A

bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bioavailability of more than ___ is the most practical for drugs to be orally useful except for those with _____

A

70%
high hepatic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

acidic drugs are bound
primarily to

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basic drugs

A

globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most drug metabolism takes
places in the

A

microsomal fraction of the
hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Serum concentrations of the drug rise when the rate of

A

absorption exceeds distribution
and elimination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

determines the effectiveness of drug

A

drug concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

administered initially to achieve the desired blood
concentration quickly

A

loading dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

consequent drug doses are lower to maintain the desired therapeutic level

A

maintenance dose).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reached when the amount of drug entering the
body is equal to the amount of drug being eliminated

A

steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The rate at which a drug is cleared from the body is measured by its

A

half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most drugs are not administered singularly but are delivered on a scheduled basis and with this type of administration, serum drug concentrations would be fluctuating between the

A

peak level (maximum level)
trough level (minimum drug level).

21
Q

scheduled administration ensures a trough level within the

A

therapeutic range

22
Q

About _____ doses are required before a steady state of fluctuation is acquired.

A

7

23
Q

Considerations in analysis of xenobiotics in TDM

A

time and date of suspected exposure and sample collection
history from patient or witnesses
physical state of patient

24
Q

most widely used and definitive confirmatory procedure

A

gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry

25
Q

analytical factors that affect measurement of drugs

A

Dose of the drug given to the patient
Specimen collection and handling
Timing of sample collection
Availability of reference methods and their performance characteristics

26
Q

affect drug concentrations variably through adsorption of the drug by the gel after prolonged contact.

A

thixotropic gel

27
Q

preferred anticoagulant for most drug analysis.

A

Heparin

28
Q

trough concentrations for most drugs are collected

A

right before the
next dose

29
Q

Peak concentrations are drawn ______oral administration.

A

1 hr

30
Q

Premature sampling might give

A

falsely elevated

31
Q

ability of a given method to
detect a compound of interest among many potential substances present in a
sample.

A

Method selectivity

32
Q

a drug-enzyme complex is used as the marker.

A

enzyme-mediated immunologic technique

33
Q

These procedures have been applied mainly to the qualitative detection of drugs of
abuse and toxins

A

thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)

34
Q

involves compounds that are directly heated
into the gas phase to make them labile

A

Gas-liquid chromatography

35
Q

molecule-ions pass through __ wherein they are separated based on their molecular weight

A

quadrupole detector

36
Q

The presence of the molecule-ion on the plate is detected by a

A

charge multiplier detector system

37
Q

Non-volatile compounds are detected with

A

LC-MS

38
Q

Two interface methods have been
the gold standard for LC-MS:

A

electrospray (ES
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).

39
Q

URINE advantages

A
  • available in sufficient quantities
  • higher concentrations than in blood
  • availability of POCT
  • well-researched testing techniques
40
Q

URINE disadvantages

A
  • short to intermediate window of detection
  • easy to adulterate or substitute
  • may require observed collection
  • “shy bladder” syndrome
41
Q

BLOOD ADVANTAGES

A
  • detects recent drug use
  • established laboratory test method
42
Q

BLOOD DISADVANTAGES

A
  • expensive
  • limited window of detection
  • poor venous access
43
Q

HAIR ADVANTAGES

A
  • longest window of detection
  • detect changes in drug use over time
    (from 7-10 days)
44
Q

HAIR disadvantages

A
  • cannot detect use within the previous 7-10 days
  • difficult to interpret results
  • costly and time consuming to
    prepare specimen for testing
45
Q

breath advantages

A
  • well-established method for alcohol testing
  • readily available
46
Q
A
  • used only for alcohol and other volatiles
  • short window of detection
  • difficult to obtain adequate sample, especially with patients who are very intoxicated or uncooperative
  • uncommon in clinical setting
47
Q

ORAL FLUID/SALIVA advantages

A

-non-invasive specimen collection
- easy to collect
- reduced risk of adulteration
- directly observed specimen collection
- parent drug rather than the metabolite can be the target of the assay
- able to detect same-day use
- availability of POCTs
- detect residual drug in the mouth

48
Q

ORAL FLUID/SALIVA disadvantages

A
  • limited specimen volume
  • contamination from residual drug in the mouth cannot be correlated with blood concentrations
  • short window of detection
  • requires supervision for 10-30 minutes before sampling
  • salivation reduced by stimulant use
  • need for elution solvent to efficiently remove drugs
    adsorbed to the collection device
  • cannabinoids in oral fluid arise from contamination of oral cavity than excretion in saliva from blood

CC2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions