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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Exotics: Ferret Medicine > Flashcards

Exotics: Ferret Medicine Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What type of virus is distemper?
  2. How is it transmitted?
A
  1. Morbillivirus
  2. Aerosols, Direct contact with urine, faeces, skin and other secretions, fomites

Unvaccinated ferrets
Almost always fatal

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of distemper in ferrets?

A
  1. Non-specific- lethargy, anorexia, fever
  2. Cutaneous- erythema, hyperkeratosis and crusts
  3. Respiratory- dyspnea, tachypnoea, cough
  4. Ocular- muco-purulent conjunctivitis
  5. Neurological- paresis, ataxia, seizures
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3
Q
  1. How is distemper in ferrets diagnosed?
  2. How is it treated?
A
  1. Unvaccinated ferrets, combinations of signs, swabs for PCR/Ag detection, PM and Histo
  2. Most require euthanasia, Supportive
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4
Q

When can ferrets be first vaccinated against distemper?
When are they boosted?

A

12 weeks, yearly boosters
Avoid contact with non-vaccinated
Routine cleaning/hygiene

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5
Q

What is the most common source of infection of influenza in ferrets?

A

Owners are most common source
Aerosols

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6
Q

How is influenza diagnosed in ferrets?

A

Clinical signs
* Fever
* URT signs
* Conjunctitivitis
* Occasionally othoer organs

Exposure to humans with flu

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7
Q

How is influenza in ferrets managed?

A

Most cases are self-limiting
General supportive care- fluids/feeding
NSAIDs?
Antiviral: have been tested in ferrets with positive results, risk of resistance

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8
Q
  1. What type of disease is Aleutian disease?
  2. What ferrets are usually affected?
  3. What are the signs?
A
  1. Parvovirus- immunocomplex mediated disease
  2. Older ferrets 2-4 years
  3. Death without any clinincal signs, chronic wasting disease, neuro (tremors, paresis/paralysis), organ enlargment, anaemia, melena
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9
Q

How is aleutian disease diagnosed and managed?

A

Diagnosis
* Plasma electrophoresis- low albumin, high gamma-globulin
* Haematology: low PCV
* Biochem: depends on affected organ
* PCR
* Positive serum ab
Treatment
* Supportive care
* No effective treatment
* Immunosuppressive?
* Melatonin implants?

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10
Q

What lymphomas can commonly occur in ferrets?

A
  • T cell lymphoma
  • B cell lympoma
  • Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma
  • Gastric lymphoma
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11
Q

How should a ferret lymphoma diagnostic workup work?

A
  • Haematology- anaemia
  • Biochemistry- hypoalbumin, hyperprotein, hyperglobin, hypercalcaemia uncommon
  • Ultrasound
  • Cytology- almost fully diagnostic
  • Biopsy samples- allow grading and phenotyping
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12
Q

What treatment options are there for lymphoma?

A

Chemotherapy- several protocols
* Prednisolone as single agent
* Combination oral (prednisolone and chlorambucil)
* Oral and SC (L-asparaginase)
* SC venous access port
* Modified COP
* Modified CHOP
Radiation therapy

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13
Q
  1. What cells cause the neoplasm insulinoma?
  2. What does it cause?
  3. What are clinical signs?
  4. How is it diagnosed?
  5. How is it treated?
A
  1. Pancreatic B cells- benign
  2. Hypoglycaemia
  3. Nausea, lethargy, ataxia, seizures
  4. Blood glucose <3.3mmol/l after starving, insulin conc, US, imaging
  5. Surgery: nodulectomy, partial pancreactomy, suvivial time 1 year
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14
Q

How can insulinoma be medically managed acutely and chronically?

A

Acute/emergency
* IV bolus dextrose
* Maintenance fluids w/ 5% glucose
* Midazolam
Chronic
* Prednisolone- 0.5mg/kg BID then adjust to effect
* Diazoxide- 5mg/kg BID

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15
Q

What are the three types of hyperadrenocorticism?
What causes it?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
* Hyperaldoseronism- mineralocorticoids
* Hyperadrenocorticism- endogenous steroids
* Hyperandrogenism- androgens
Causes
* Surgical neuter
* Abnormal photoperiod/circadian rhythm
* Genetics

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets?

A
  • Progressive symetrical alopecia
  • Pruritis
  • Vulvular enlargment in spayed females
  • Males- sexual behaviou (odour), urinary blockage (prostate enlargment)
17
Q

How is hyperadrenocorticism diagnosed in ferrets?

A

Abdominal ultrasound scan
* Adrenal gland enlargment
* Other organs (prostate)
Advanced imaging
Serum/plasma hormones: androstenedione, estradiol
ACTH not diagnostic

18
Q

How can hyperadrenocortisim be treated surgically and medically?

A

Surgical
* Adrenalectomy

18
Q

How can hyperadrenocortisim be treated surgically and medically?

A

Surgical
* Adrenalectomy

19
Q

How can hyperadrenocortisim be treated surgically and medically?

A

Surgical
* Adrenalectomy- L easy, R close to caudal Vena Cava
* Risks- anaesthesia, bleeding, addison’s
Medical managment
* GnRH-agonist
* Supress released of gonadotrophins and adrenal gland stimulation
* Applied every 12-18 months

20
Q

What is the clinical approach for a ferret with gastritis?

Common reason for consult- vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, melena

A
  1. Complete history
  2. Full clinical exam
  3. Some cases- supportive only
  4. Initial investigations- imaging and blood
  5. Further investigations- GIT biopsies, C&S
21
Q

What are possible causes of gastritis in ferrets?

A
  • Foreign bodies
  • Toxic ingestion
    * NSAID treatment
  • Helicobacter mustelae infections
  • Neoplasia
  • Renal disease
22
Q

What initial supportive disease can be given to ferret with gastritis?

A
  • Fluids
  • Anti-emetics- maropitant, ranitidine
  • Feeding- frequent/small meals, highly digestable/high protein
  • Heat
23
Q

What is helicobacter mustelae?

A
  • Chronic gastritis and mucosal ulceration
  • Clinical signs triggered by stress
  • Ulceration- melena, anaemia, shock

Diagnosis: gastric wall biopsies

24
Q

How is helicobacter mustelae managed?

A
  • ABs: amoxicillin, metronidazole, claritomycine- 21 days
  • Bysmuth citrate
  • Sucralphate
  • Famotidine
  • Omeprazole
  • Fluids and supportive
25
Q

What are common causes of diarrhoea in ferrets?

A
  • Bacterial infections- salmonella, campylobacter
  • Viral- ferret coronavirus, rota virus (kits), distemper and flu occasionally
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Neoplasia
26
Q

What are the two forms of viral enteropathies?

A

Enteric form
* green profuse diarrhoea
* Can become chronic
* Supportive care ± prednisolone
* Tylosin
Systemic form
* Progressive, pyogranulomatous inflammation
* Weight loss, abdominal masses, diarrhoea
Confirm w/PCR

27
Q
  1. What age of ferrets are affected by rotavirus?
  2. How is it treated?
A
  1. Young <6 weeks
  2. Supportive care
28
Q
  1. What is the pathogenesis of IBD in ferrets?
  2. How is it diagnosed?
  3. How is it managed?
  4. What other disease is managed the same?
A
  1. Lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of intestinal wall
  2. Abdominal US- only shows increased thickness and reactive lymphnodes
  3. Diet, prednisolone, Azathioprine
  4. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
29
Q
  1. What causes proliferative bowl disease?
  2. What age of ferrets are more affected?
  3. How is it diagnosed?
  4. How is it treated?
A
  1. Lawsonia intracellularis
  2. Young ferrets and colon
  3. Intestinal wall biopsies for histology ± PCR
  4. Chloramphenicol- not licensed in the UK and potentially severe side effects
30
Q

When would cardiac disease be suspected?

A
  • > 3 yo
  • Lethargy, excercise intollerance, weight loss
  • Coughing dyspnoea
  • Ascites
  • Organmegaly
  • Heart murmur, muffled sounds, arrhythmias
  • Hindlimb weakness
  • Pulse deficits
  • Hypothermia
  • HR 180-250, sinus arrythmia
31
Q

How is acute and chronic cardiac disease approached in ferrets?

A

Acute/Emergency
* Supplement O2
* Sedation
* Furosemide

Chronic
* Full bloods ± urinalysis
* Radiography
* Heart scan
* ECG
* Heartworm testing
* Cardiac troponin

32
Q

What are the main heart disease presentations?

A
  1. Dilated cardiomyopathy
  2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  3. Valvular heart disease (aortic most common)
  4. Myocarditis
  5. Neoplasia
  6. Heartworm
33
Q

What are the treatment optons for cardiac disease?

A
  • Stable and diagnosed patients
  • Furosemide
  • ACE-inhibitors
  • Pimobendan

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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