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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Exotics: Birds Introduction > Flashcards

Exotics: Birds Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed for a general bird consult?

A
  • Detailed clinical history
  • Escape free room
  • Dyspnea- open-mouth breathing, tail-bobbing, increased effort
  • Demeanour- collapse, laying on the bottom of cage
  • Obvious signs of trauma, bleeding
  • Have all necessary equipment ready beforehand
  • Try to perform the clinical exam as briefly but thorough as possible
  • Some individuals might benefit from sedation
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2
Q

What nutrition related problems are common?

A
  • Hypovitaminosis A
  • Hypocalcemia and metabolic bone disease
  • Obesity
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3
Q
  1. What type of bird are commonly affected by hypovitaminosis A
  2. What is the pathology?
  3. What are the main signs?
A
  1. Psittacines
  2. Epithelial metaplasia- salivary glands, other epithelial surfaces
  3. Choana papillae atrophy, swellings around eyes and throat (sterile abscesses/debris)
    Blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis
    Pseudomembrane on oral cavity
    Generally poor feather/skin quality
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4
Q
  1. What species are overrepresented for hypocalcaemia?
  2. What are the risk factors
  3. What does it lead to?
A
  1. African greys
  2. Seed based diets, lack of calcium/vit D, Inadequate Ca:P ratio, lack of UV-B
  3. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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5
Q

How does a parrot preset with hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Typical history- falling from their perch, screaming and flapping in the bottom of cage, seizuring
  • Clinical exam:
    Generalised weakness
    Quiet, dull
    Ataxia
    Seizures
    Post-ictal phase
    Paresis/paralysis
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6
Q

How is a seizuring parrot managed?

A
  1. Midazolam 0.5-1mg/kg- can be repeated
  2. Placment in padded incubator with supplemental O2
  3. Calcium gluconate IM to suspected cases
  4. Once stable consider blood collection
  5. Start additional supportive care: fluids, supplemental feeding
  6. Switch to oral calcium gluconate as soon as stable
  7. Correct diet and husbandry
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7
Q

Other then seizuring how can a bird present with hypocalcaemia?

A

Subclinical hypocalcaemia
* Bird with non-specific signs of illness
* Some feather plucking birds
* Detected on routine bloods
* Same advice regarding diet and husbandry

Nutritional osteodystrophy
* ‘rickets’- abnormal bone curvature
* Young growing birds of any species
* Mild cases can be corrected
* Radiographs

Dysotcia
* In egg-laying birds

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8
Q
  1. What species more commonly become obese?
  2. What are the main causes?
  3. What secondary problems are linked to obesity?
A
  1. Amazona parrrots, budgies, birds of prey
  2. Diet, lack of excercise, boredom, thyroid function
  3. Hepatopathies (heptic lipidosis), atherosclerosis and heart disease, pododermatitis, lipomas, repro failure, xanthomatosis
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9
Q

How is bird skin and plumage assessed?

A

Check
* Over all colour pattern- normal
* Feather quality
* Areas of alopecia
* Moult
* Signs of pruritis or self-trauma
* Other skin lesions

Beak
Eyelids and cere
Feet, legs and nails

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10
Q

What external parasites can affect birds?

How is it treated?

A
  • Feather lice
  • Feather mites
  • Blood sucking mites:
    Dermanyssus sp, ornothonyssus, poultry, canaries
    Require treating the environment

Pyrethrin sprays- fibronil

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11
Q
  1. When can blood sucking mites cause significant mortality?
  2. What diseases can they act as vectors for?
  3. What themselves do they cause?
A
  1. Nestlings, incubating birds
  2. Paramyovirus, E. coli, Pasturella sp, Salmonella
  3. Anaemia and skin irritation
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12
Q
  1. What species are commonly affected by knemidocoptic mange?
  2. What areas of birds are more affected?
  3. What are typical lesions
  4. How can diagnosis be confirmed?
  5. How is it treated?
A
  1. Budgies, Canaries/finches, chickens and poultry
  2. Un-feathered areas (legs, beak, eyelids
  3. Pruritis crust like lesions
  4. Skin scrapes
  5. Ivermectin percutaenously
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13
Q
  1. When do feathers recieve blood?
  2. When is the bleeding more severe?
  3. What is the approach?
A
  1. During moult feathers receive blood
  2. More severe in wings/tail feathers
  3. Apply pressure on feather, don’t apply silver nitrate, analgesia, only remove feather only as last resource
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14
Q
  1. What are the risk factors for bumblefoot/pododermatitis?
  2. What are the species at risk?
A
  1. Risk factors:
    Over weight/obese
    Inapprorpriate perches
    Hard flooring
    Hypovitaminosis A
    Skin trauma
    Vascular disease
  2. Birds of prey, ducks and waterfowl, parrots
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15
Q

What is the treatment approach to bumble foot?

A

Husbandry managment
* reduce weight, increase excercise
* Improve perches and flooring
* Improve hygiene

Dressings to relieve pressure from affected areas
Medication:
* Meloxicam
* Antibiotics- ideallt dependent on C&S
* Local treatment- antiseptics, skin soothin agents

Surgery- severe cases, radiograph

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16
Q
  1. What are the main presentations of respiratory disease in birds?
  2. What is the general approach to disease in birds?
A
  1. URT infection/sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, airsaculitis
  2. Carefully assess patient
    Provide supportive care/stabilise patient
    Select diagnostic tests
    Consider using meloxicam
17
Q

What are the treatment options for URT/Sinusitis?

A

Antibiotics
* Ideally with C&S results
* Doxycycline/fluoroquinolones PO
* Also consider eyedrops with similar composition

NSAIDs/Meloxicam
GA + lancing and draining peri-orbital sinuses can provide relief and diagnostic samples

18
Q

What is the approach to tracheal problems?

A

Diagnostic options
* Sedate and radiography
* GA + Rigid tracheoscopy to visualise lesions
* Collect samples for cytology and C&S

Common problems
* Gapeworm in poultry
* Other parasites
* Foreign bodies
* Grandulomas (aspergillus)
* Bacterial/viral infections

19
Q

What can be used to treat disorders affecting the lungs?

A

Terbutaline IM can be used as a bronchodilator during initial approach
Follow general supportive care for birds with dyspnoea

20
Q

What primary and secondard disorders can affect the airsacs?

A

Primary problems:
* Bacterial/viral infections
* Fungal infections- aspergilosis
* Some nematode worms
* Air sac mites

Secondary problems
* Coelomic masses/organ enlargment
* Coelomic effusion
* Adhesions

21
Q

What is used for diagnosis and then treatment of disorders of air sacs?

A

Diagnosis:
* Sedation and radiography
* GA and rigid coelioscopy
* Bloods

Treatment
* Antibiotics/antifungals
* NSAIDs
* Oxygen supplementation
* Nebulization treatments
* General supportive

22
Q
  1. What are the risk factors for aspergillosis?
  2. What does it cause?
  3. Whar are the clinical signs?
A
  1. Hypovitaminosis A, immunosupression, other pathogens
  2. Granuloma formation and toxin production
  3. Clinical signs depends on the lesion location of lesions: nasal cavities, trachea, air sacs
23
Q

How is aspergillosis diagnosed?

A
  • Some lesions are directly visible- nasal aspergillomas
  • Bloods: anaemia, significant leucocytosis and heterophilia/monocytosis, increased AST, TP, Glob
  • Radiography
  • Rigid endoscope of air sacs
  • Cytology/histology ± culture
  • Serology for AB detection not very useful
24
Q

How is aspergillosis treated?

A

Intraconazole/fluconazole
* Extended periods
* Might not clear the infection completely
* Careful with possible toxicity

Amphotericin B
* Can be nebulized
* Expensive

Other supportive care
Surgical debridment of aspergillomas

25
Q

What agent causes chlamydiosis?
What are the clinical signs?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci- intracellular bacteria
Clinical signs vary:
* Conjunctivitis/rhinitis
* Airsaculitis/lower respiratory infection
* Diarrhoea
* Emaciation/low BCS
* Biliverdinuria

Zoonotic

25
Q

What agent causes chlamydiosis?
What are the clinical signs?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci- intracellular bacteria
Clinical signs vary:
* Conjunctivitis/rhinitis
* Airsaculitis/lower respiratory infection
* Diarrhoea
* Emaciation/low BCS
* Biliverdinuria

Zoonotic

26
Q

How is chlamydiosis diagnosed?
How is chlamydiosis treated?

A

Diagnosis:
Bloods:
* Significant leucocytosis and heterphilia
* Anaemia and hyperglobulinemia
* Increased AST and uric acid

PCR- swab- conjuntival sac swab > choana > cloaca
Serology- difficult to interpret, might suggest only exposure

Treatment
* Doxycycline- best option
* Other supportive care- liver protectants, fluids, feeding

27
Q

How should a regurgitating bird be approached?

A

Very uncommon in birds
Full clinical exam
* Crop- distension, contents consistency
* Head feathers

Locating the problem
* Primary crop problem- infection, obstruction
* Lower GIT disease- infection, obstruction
* Coelomic problem- compression of GIT
* Systemic disease- organ failure, toxicity, infection

Initial supportive care
* Fluids and supplement heat
* Crop flush- provides systemic relief
* Consider: metoclopramide, NSAIDs, ABs

Testing
* faecal testing
* Bloods
* Radiographs

28
Q
  1. What is a common cause of diarrhoea in birds?
  2. What should be closely checked in a clinical exam?
  3. What initial supportive care should be given?
A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Weight and BCS, hydration status, feathers around cloaca
  3. Fluids and heat, supplemental feeding
29
Q
  1. What tests can be done for a bird with diarrhoea?
  2. What treatment may be useful?
A
  1. Fecal testing, bloods, radiography
  2. Fluids, feeding, ABs (amox + clav then aminoglycosides, then fluoroquinolones)
    Yeast- nystatin PO
    Parasiticides
    Activated charcoal if suspected toxicity

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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