The Triumph of Elizabeth, 1563-1603: Foreign Affairs - Relations with Spain, the Netherlands Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the main events in the Netherlands

A

• 1572
- Elizabeth expels Sea Beggars and their landing in Netherlands sparked revolt

• 1576
- Rebellion spreads to all provinces of Netherlands
- Pacification of Ghent

  • Rebels split

• 1579
- Union of Arras make peace with Spain
- Duke of Parma begins reconquest of northern provinces

• 1585
- Treaty of Nonsuch between Elizabeth and Union of Utrecht

• 1589
- Sir Francis Vere made commander of English forces, forms good relationship with Dutch leader, Maurice of Nassau

• 1594
- Spanish expelled from all northern Netherlands

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2
Q

Who were the Sea Beggars?

A
  • Dutch Calvinist pirates
  • Led by William of Orange
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3
Q

When did Elizabeth expel the Sea Beggars from English ports?

A
  • 1572
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4
Q

What happened after Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars?

A
  • Sea Beggars land in Netherlands and were unchecked by Spanish garrison there
  • Rebels start revolt against high taxation and Spanish rule
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5
Q

When did all of the provinces in the Netherlands revolt and what did they produce as a result?

A
  • 1576
  • Pacification of Ghent
  • Called for expulsion of all foreign troops and restoration of provinces’ autonomy
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6
Q

Did the provinces successfully work together?

A
  • Provinces became divided and led to two separate groups
  • Union of Utrecht - largely northern and Protestant
  • Union of Arras - largely southern and Catholic
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7
Q

When did the Union of Arras make peace with Spain? What were the outcomes of this agreement?

A
  • 1579
  • Duke of Parma becomes new governor-general
  • Reconquest of northern provinces begins
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8
Q

How did Anglo-Spanish tensions deepen during the conflict?

A
  • Elizabeth briefly considered marrying French Duke of Anjou - he considered invading Netherlands to rid of Spanish
  • Elizabeth knights Francis Drake who circumnavigated globe
  • Elizabeth supports Portuguese pretender, Don Antonio - Spain annexed Portugal in 1580
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9
Q

How successful was Parma’s reconquest of the north by 1580?

A
  • Only Holland and Zeeland left in Protestant hands
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10
Q

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch made? What were its outcomes?

A
  • 1585
  • Between Elizabeth and Union of Utrecht
  • Elizabeth pays for 6400 infantry and 1000 cavalry under Robert Dudley’s (Earl of Leicester) command
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11
Q

How many infantry and cavalry were agreed to be given to the Dutch in the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A
  • 6400 infantry
  • 1000 cavalry
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12
Q

Was the Earl of Leicester’s invasion successful?

A
  • No
  • Soldiers badly paid, prepared and disciplined
  • Officers, Stanley and Yorke, deserted and joined Spanish
  • Leicester quarrelled with Dutch
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13
Q

Who was made commander of the English after the Earl of Leicester? When were they made commander? Which Dutch leader did he form a positive relationship with?

A
  • Sir Francis Vere
  • 1589
  • Maurice of Nassau
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14
Q

By what year had all the Spanish been expelled from the northern Netherlands?

A
  • 1594
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15
Q

What were the outcomes of the Dutch revolt?

A
  • Northern Netherlands became an independent state
  • Southern Netherlands still under Spanish control, but gained some autonomy
  • No major foreign power established in the Netherlands
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