Thorax

Question 1

Superior and inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 1

Superior is open

Inferior is closed, connected to the diaphragm

Question 2

What connects the arms to the thorax

Answer 2

Pectoral girdle which comprises of the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula

Question 3

3 parts of the sternum

Answer 3

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 4

Costochondral joint

Answer 4

Joint between the costal cartilage and the ribs

Question 5

Significance of vertebrae T4/5

Answer 5

Sternalangle

• inferior and suitor mediastinum
• Trachea splits into bronchi
• superior vena cava penetrates pericardium
• Rib 2 location. Since you cannot feel rib 1
• marks where the aorta begins and ends (since it’s a curve)

Question 6

True false and floating ribs

Answer 6

True 1-7
False 8-10 (costal cartilage attaches to next higher rib)
Floating 11-12

Question 7

How many pulmonary veins are there

Answer 7

4

Question 8

How many brachocephalic arteries and veins do we have

Answer 8

1 brachioceohalic TRUNK (artery) on the right side and 2 brachioceohalic veins (1 on each side)

Question 9

Diaphragm is made of what type of muscle and controlled by which nerves

Answer 9

Skeletal muscle
Phrenic nerve C345

Question 10

What is referred pain ?

Answer 10

Pathology in one area causing pain in another area eg. Pain related to gallbladder pathology (affecting the diaphragmatic surface of the diaphragm) can be referred to the right tip of shoulder as the same nerve roots supply here for sensation too.

Question 11

Function of the jugular notch

Answer 11

Used to palpate for the trachea to assess its position

Question 12

Diaphragm structure

Answer 12

Musculotendinous structure

Question 13

Where do muscle fibres arise from for diaphragm

Answer 13

Radially from the costal margins to insert into The Central tendon

Question 14

Which arteries are used for CABG

Answer 14

Internal thoracic arteries

Question 15

What vessels unite to form the superior vena cava?

Answer 15

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Question 16

Are valves present on the superior vena cave?

Answer 16

No because blood is flowing in the direction of gravity

Question 17

What does increased blood pressure in lungs cause

Answer 17

May cause raised jugular venous pressure

Question 18

When does the aortic valve close

Answer 18

During ventricular relaxation ie diastole

Question 19

When does the tricuspid valve close

Answer 19

Ventricular contraction ie systole

Question 20

What innervation does the phrenic nerve supply

Answer 20

Sensory innervation to fibrous pericardium and peritoneum covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Motor innervation to diaphragm

Question 21

What does the hilum connect

Answer 21

Connects th3 lung with the mediastinum