1403 - 1416

Question 1

Epinephrine is an example of a ………………….hormone.
Select one:
a. steroid
b. peptide
c. eicosanoid
d. catecholamine
e. None of the above is correct.

Answer 1

d. catecholamine

Question 2

Adaptation to very long-term starvation (more than one week) means

Select one or more:
a. Sustained, high-rate gluconeogenesis
b. High insulin level in order to prevent muscle wasting
c. High rate of triacylglycerol mobilization
d. High rate of VLDL release from the liver
e. Intensive utilization of ketone bodies in the brain

Answer 2

c. High rate of triacylglycerol mobilization
e. Intensive utilization of ketone bodies in the brain

Question 3

What are the characteristics of very long term starvation (more than one week)?

Select one or more:
a. Subcutaneous fat is retained
b. Visceral fat is increased
c. Plasma amino acid level is low
d. The rate of ketone body synthesis is high
e. The rate of ketone body utilization is low

Answer 3

c. Plasma amino acid level is low
d. The rate of ketone body synthesis is high

Question 4

What are the characteristics of leptin?
Select one or more:

a. It is produced (among others) by the adipocytes
b. It is anchored to the endothelial cells
c. It increases appetite
d. Ob/Ob mice are leptin deficient
e. Deficiency of leptin receptors might lead to obesity

Answer 4

a. It is produced (among others) by the adipocytes
d. Ob/Ob mice are leptin deficient
e. Deficiency of leptin receptors might lead to obesity

Question 5

Which organ(s) will utilize first ingested glucose after very long-term starvation?

Select one or more:
a. brain
b. gastrointestinal epithelial cells
c. muscle cells
d. hepatocytes
e. red blood cells

Answer 5

a. brain
e. red blood cells

Question 6

Which metabolic pathways might operate simultaneously in the well-fed liver?

Select one or more:
a. ketone body synthesis
b. glycogen synthesis
c. glycolysis
d. pentose phosphate pathway
e. fatty acid synthesis

Answer 6

b. glycogen synthesis
c. glycolysis
d. pentose phosphate pathway
e. fatty acid synthesis

Question 7

Which metabolic pathways might operate simultaneously in long-term starvation in the liver?

Select one or more:
a. ketone body synthesis
b. glycogen breakdown
c. glycolysis
d. fatty acid synthesis
e. glutamine synthesis

Answer 7

a. ketone body synthesis
e. glutamine synthesis

Question 8

What is true for the role of the liver in the amino acid metabolism in the well- fed state?

Select one or more:
a. liver has a very intensive glutamine synthesis
b. The KM of tRNA charging enzymes is much lower than that of the transaminases
c. liver preferentially takes up branched chain amino acids
d. there is an intensive decomposition of fatty acids in the well-fed state
e. citrulline is taken up from the circulation to the liver for the anaplerosis of urea cycle

Answer 8

b. The KM of tRNA charging enzymes is much lower than that of the transaminases

Question 9

Which are the preferential amino acids released from the striated muscle?

Select one or more:
a. alanine
b. aspartate
c. lactate
d. glutamine
e. citrulline

Answer 9

a. alanine
d. glutamine

Question 10

What are the metabolic characteristics of the gastrointestinal (small intestine) epithelial cells?

Select one or more:
a. their most important fuel is glucose
b. they use glutamine as an energy source
c. they consume high quantities of lactate
d. malic enzyme is important in their metabolism
e. alanine is released from these cells

Answer 10

b. they use glutamine as an energy source
d. malic enzyme is important in their metabolism
e. alanine is released from these cells

(Malic enzyme (ME) is a key enzyme regulating malic acid metabolism. It can combine the coenzyme to catalyze the reversible reaction of malate oxidative decarboxylation, produce pyruvic acid and CO2, and accompany the production of NAD(P)H.)

Question 11

Glutamine is an important fuel in the metabolism of

Select one or more:
a. neuron
b. striated muscle
c. adipose tissue
d. enterocytes
e. lymhocytes

Answer 11

a. neuron
d. enterocytes
e. lymhocytes

Question 12

What are the characteristics of early re-feeding state after long-term starvation?

Select one or more:
a. low glucokinase activity
b. high rate of glycolysis in the liver
c. hepatic gluconeogenesis provides glucose for glycogen synthesis
d. liver glycogen is formed from lactate
e. glycogen breakdown is going on

Answer 12

a. low glucokinase activity
c. hepatic gluconeogenesis provides glucose for glycogen synthesis
d. liver glycogen is formed from lactate

Question 13

Arginine has a central role in the following pathways

Select one or more:
a. carnitine synthesis
b. formation of S-adenosylmethionine
c. glutathione synthesis
d. nitric oxide synthesis
e. urea cycle

Answer 13

d. nitric oxide synthesis
e. urea cycle