1426 - 1434 (2nd sem)

Question 1

What is true for the metabolism of kidney?

Select one or more:
a. gluconeogenic enzymes are located in the cortex
b. glutamine is a major gluconeogenic precursor
c. citrulline is transformed to arginine
d. kidney is a major place for creatine synthesis
e. the longer the starvation, the greater the contribution of kidney to the whole body’s glucose production is

Answer 1

All of them

Question 2

What is true for the very long-term starvation (longer than one week)?
Select one or more:
a. stress hormones initiate gluconeogenesis in the kidney
b. gluconeogenesis in the liver is decreased by acidosis
c. ketone body production decreases as the starvation proceeds d. ketone bodies suppress proteolysis
e. the serum level of FFA increases

Answer 2

a. stress hormones initiate gluconeogenesis in the kidney
b. gluconeogenesis in the liver is decreased by acidosis
d. ketone bodies suppress proteolysis
e. the serum level of FFA increases

Question 3

What is the role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the metabolism of striated muscle?

Select one or more:
a. It will phosphorylate glycogen synthase kinase
b. It enhances the rate of glycolysis
c. It will increase the rate of protein synthesis
d. the target of phosphorylation (among others) is the acetyl-CoA carboxylase
e. it will increase (indirectly) the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria

Answer 3

d. the target of phosphorylation (among others) is the acetyl-CoA carboxylase
e. it will increase (indirectly) the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true for the AMP-activated protein kinase in the muscle?

Select one:
a. it stimulates fatty acid synthesis in the muscle
b. it phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase and inhibits the citric acid cycle
c. it phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase and increases the speed of glycogen breakdown
d. it phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and increases the speed of glycolysis
e. it phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and decreases malonyl-CoA concentration in the muscle

Answer 4

e. it phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and decreases malonyl-CoA concentration in the muscle

Question 5

What is true for the uptake of glucose into the central nervous system?

Select one or more:
a. It is insulin dependent
b. It requires the concerted action of Glut2 and Glut4
c. Only the neuron takes up glucose, astrocytes mainly live on glutamate d. Glut1 and Glut3 are the glucose transporters of the CNS
e. Glucose transporters in the CNS are insulin independent

Answer 5

d. Glut1 and Glut3 are the glucose transporters of the CNS
e. Glucose transporters in the CNS are insulin independent

Question 6

Which of the following statements are true for the metabolism of astroglia?

Select one or more:
a. Most of the glycogen stored in the brain found in the astrocytes
b. Astrocytes have less mitochondria than neurons
c. Astrocytes convert glutamine into glutamate
d. Astrocytes take up lactate, produced by the neurons
e. Pyruvate carboxylase is localized in the astrocytes

Answer 6

a. Most of the glycogen stored in the brain found in the astrocytes
b. Astrocytes have less mitochondria than neurons
e. Pyruvate carboxylase is localized in the astrocytes

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true for the metabolism of neurons?

Select one or more:
a. the importance of pentose phosphate pathway in neurons is negligible
b. there is a highly active glutamine synthase in neurons
c. neurons are extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation
d. glutamine can be used to fuel neuronal metabolism
e. neurons are able both for the production or to the consumption of lactate

Answer 7

c. neurons are extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation
d. glutamine can be used to fuel neuronal metabolism
e. neurons are able both for the production or to the consumption of lactate

Question 8

1434 Which of the following statements are true for the metabolism of neurons?

Select one or more:
a. neurons use nearly the full capacity of oxidative energy production
b. there is a high rate of uptake and utilization of branched chain amino acids in neurons
c. free ammonium level is decreased by the high activity of glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme
d. ketone bodies can partially replace glucose as an energy source
e. there is a high rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis in neurons

Answer 8

a. neurons use nearly the full capacity of oxidative energy production
b. there is a high rate of uptake and utilization of branched chain amino acids in neurons
d. ketone bodies can partially replace glucose as an energy source
e. there is a high rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis in neurons