B/B FL1BP

Question 1

what do u need in ur exp when testing a medical intervention

Answer 1

the idea of controls is needed to test medical interventions bc with no baseline they dont know whether there was actually a change

Question 2

in general stem cells can be…

Answer 2

renewed

Question 3

a peptide is what type of linkage and why are these linkages stable

Answer 3

a peptide is an amide linkage. amides are stable bc of their res stabiliztion btwn lp on n and db in carbonyl group.

Question 4

ocean water has what

Answer 4

ocean water has a lot of na and cl ions which would make an osmotic gradient puling water out of the body’s cells causing dehydration.

Question 5

hybridization and polymerization w regard to nucleotides

Answer 5

hybridization is the process of binding with complementary nucleotides. polymerization is the process by which nucs are strung tg to form a single stranded rna strand not the joining of two comp strands.

Question 6

at a ph of 7.4, what is the charge on the n and c terminus

Answer 6

at a ph of 7.4, a cationic protein will have a -1 charge on the deprot carbox and a +1 charge on protonoated amino term.

Question 7

what promotes the survival of eosinophils

Answer 7

interleukin 5

Question 8

dilated pupils- symp or psymp

Answer 8

symp- f or f

Question 9

why is aldosterone released? what does it do and what does it control

Answer 9

aldost is released in resp to low bp. it increase na reabsorption in distal tubule and collecting duct. ald upregulates the nak pumps along nephron lining which pumps 3na out for every 2 k in. since net solute mvmt is out of nephron, aldost also increases the gradient favoring water reabsorption. ald controls na reabsorption.

Question 10

what happens when a csome loses telomeres after multiple divisions

Answer 10

it cant reproduce again and undergoes apoptosis.

Question 11

autoclaving

Answer 11

autoclaving is the most effective way to sterilize used lab materials and this should be standard procedure followed here. it brings the temp to over 120 C and pressure of 2 atm which is enuff to kill almost anything.

Question 12

double crossover event v single

Answer 12

csomal arms of homolog csomes cross over in two diff places along the arm. this results in a section in the middle of each csome being exch. single is only on the ends.

Question 13

what is troponin made of and needed for and where

Answer 13

troponin is a complex of trop I, trop C and trop T required for musc contraction in skel and cardiac musc but not in smooth

Question 14

what conformation do peptide bonds usually exist in? do they have db character

Answer 14

they exist usually in trans. also they have partial db character bc of the delocalization of e density from the peptide n through the peptide carbonyl carbon and onto peptide cnyl ox. as such the pep bond shows res stabilization( this was also mentioned in an earlier q!) for steric reasons its usually trans

Question 15

hardy weinberg eqn

Answer 15

AA+ 2Aa+aa=1

Question 16

what do many biological processes need and provide an example of this

Answer 16

many bio processes need a high sa to volume ratio. this allows for bio processes to occur faster. when indiv alveol break down like in emphysema the lungs lose needed surface area to allow for effecitve diffusion of resp gases.

Question 17

what happens if smth like a drug is not rly soluble in hphilic media

Answer 17

this is a problem- if its not rly soluble in hphilic media like blood and cytosol and water it may have a hard time traveling in the bloodstream probably.nanomicelles were invented to circumvent this issue. we must infer this from psg. ctz is nonpolar with mult hphobic groups lots of e delocal and no charge so its poorly soluble in polar solvents.

Question 18

what do high intracell lactate levels signify

Answer 18

high ill means the cell has high metab activity- opp to lowered glyc. lactate is a fermentation product but inhibiting glyc or ferm would reduce ill and indicate the metab of the cancer cell is being inhib by drug

Question 19

microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 19

microtubules make up spindle. microfilaments are smaller than mtubules or actin filaments and play a role in musc contraction not in spindle. mtubules are cytoskeletal and make of tubulin.

Question 20

what are free rads

Answer 20

free rads are mols with an unpaired valence e so they are typically reactive ox agents

Question 21

analogous and homologous definitions

Answer 21

analogous are structures that evolved indep to do the same thing. homologous are those with a similar evolutionary history even it they are now having diff fxns. forelimbs of mammals are homologs despite diff fxn.

Question 22

What is transduction

Answer 22

Form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria where bacteriophages transmit genomic material.

Question 23

Transformation

Answer 23

Involves direct uptake of genetic material from the environment and it’s not mediated by viruses

Question 24

How many rings in purines ( a and g)? What about pyrimidines ( c and t)?

Answer 24

2 and 1 respectively

Question 25

What solvents does sn2 favor

Answer 25

Polar aprotic

Question 26

Cell differentiation is mediated primarily by

Answer 26

Gene expression levels- cell diff occurs primarily thru diff gene exp levels

Question 27

Rapid actin polymerization near the edge of cellular structure is responsible for

Answer 27

Cellular motility in complex eukaryotic cells 

Question 28

Weather for cells to travel to side of injury they need to migrate. microtubule depolymerization is responsible for

Answer 28

 Separating chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis one or two, it does not contribute to a overall cell migration