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MCAT April 2023 > BP/Kaplan/AAMC Gen Chem and Spectroscopy > Flashcards

BP/Kaplan/AAMC Gen Chem and Spectroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

what type of bonding interactions do the most ideal gases experience

A

The most ideal gases are those that experience the weakest intermolecular forces. HF has a polar bond.

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2
Q

do ideal GASES have volume

A

YES

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3
Q

do the PARTICLES of ideal gases have volume

A

NO

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4
Q

approx 3300 on an IR spectrum

A

OH. broad

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5
Q

approx 1700 on IR

A

C=O. sharp

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6
Q

less than 1500 on IR apectrum

A

fingerprint- no specific peaks that corr to spec fxnal groups

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7
Q

C=N on IR

A

1550-1650

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8
Q

IR spectrum quick cheat

A

single are highest, double lowest, triple bond middle

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9
Q

c=c

A

1600-1680

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10
Q

see chart in ur pics= do we need to memorize all of these??

A

??

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11
Q

on the mass spectru, whats the tallest peak?

A

The tallest peak on the spectrum represents the most commonly generated ion. In this case, the tallest peak is also the peak with the highest m/z ratio, which is the molecular ion.

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12
Q

which is the m+ ion? what does this have and what does this mean

A

The M+ ion (also called the molecular ion or the parent ion) is the ion that has the same mass as the original compound but carriers a +1 charge. It is always the peak with the highest m/z ratio on the mass spectrum, excluding very minute peaks located around it that represent isotopes. meainig its right most- highest x axis value

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13
Q

does nmr measure the alignment of nuclei along and against an external magnetic field

A

NMR measures resonance, which refers to the frequency with which nuclei transition between being aligned along an external magnetic field and being aligned against it. Resonance frequencies correspond to chemical shifts that are plotted on the NMR spectrum.

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14
Q

would bromine easily absorb UV radiation

A

Yes. UV radiation excites nonbonding electrons, such as lone pairs, and electrons involved in pi bonding. Since bromine contains many lone pairs, it can absorb UV light.

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15
Q

which is the base peak on mass spec

A

The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.

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16
Q

n-h on ir spectra

A

3300-3500, sharp. i think these peaks start at that starting no.:?

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17
Q

deshielded aldehyde on a hnmr

A

9-10 ppm

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18
Q

even more deshielded carboxylic acid on hnmr

A

10.5 -12 ppm

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19
Q

hydrogen of an aromatic ring on hnmr

A

6-8.5 ppm

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20
Q

general ranges of hydrogens on sp3 hybrizied carbons on hnmr

A

0-3 ppm, higher if e withdrawing groups are present

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21
Q

sp2 hybridized carbons on hnmr

A

4.6-6 ppm

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22
Q

sp hybrizide carbons on hnmr

A

2-3 ppm. when electroneg groups r present, they pull e density away from protons. the more e density pulled away from the proton, the more deshielded it will be and the further downfield the proton will appear

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23
Q

if a uv spectrum absorbs at three diff wavelengths that means

A

The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.

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24
Q

How is rate related to the order of the rxn and give an example

A

in this case, rate is unaffected when the concentration of B is changed, but the reaction rate changes proportionally to [A]2. Thus, the reaction is 2nd order overall.

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25
Q

What are the units for a zero order rxn

A

The best way to remember this for the MCAT is to remember that zero order is M/s. Then, divide by M every time you increase the order by 1.

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26
Q

Compare homogenous catalysts to reactants in terms f phase

A

Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants.

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27
Q

mjemorize the structure of glucose

A

kk

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28
Q

True or False: Since the reaction arrow is coming from the left, the α-anomer must be formed.

A

false. Due to the planar geometry of the carbonyl carbon, either anomer can form.

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29
Q

what is beta - and beta + and what do each do to the atomic number

A

beta minus- 0,-1 and plus is 0 and +1. minus INCREASES the atomic number and plus DECREASES it

30
Q

precipitation occurs when

A

Q>Ksp

31
Q

current assoc w ncv can b found by

A

dividing pot change by axon resistance which is the resistance per unit length/L

32
Q

Addition of which disaccharide to a solution of Ag2O in NH3(aq) will NOT result in the deposition of shiny silver mirror on the walls of the reaction vessel?

A

it has to be the one that does not form a hemiacetal that can be ring opened to form an aldehyde

33
Q
  • y int on a LB plot is
A

1/vmax

34
Q

purpose of doppler effect in ultrasound

A

doppler effect in ultrasound is used to create images. it relates the frequency of the u wave as detected by a moving detector to the wave frequency when the source is not moving, the speed of it and the speed of the detector. you dont need the speed of the moving object and wavelengths

35
Q

relationship between resistance, temp and current

A

resistance goes down when temp goes up. resistance is directly prop to temp so current should decrease

36
Q

coA has

A

AMP and pantothenate i think

37
Q

how to pick a good buffer

A

buffer shld have a pka within 1 unit of the desired conds/ph

38
Q

are reaction rates temperature dep or indep

A

dep. also concentration dep

39
Q

true or false- enzymes favor product formation

A

FALSE- equal amounts of rxns and prods are made w enzymes

40
Q

where can oxidation or reducing agents be

A

only in the reactant not the products

41
Q

As increasing amounts of NaCl are added to water:

A

boiling point will increase, melting point will decrease, and vapor pressure will decrease.

42
Q

Orbital geometry is also known as

A

electron domain geometry.

43
Q

Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?

A

tetrahedral. Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?Hybridization is based on the number of electron domains surrounding an atom. An sp3-hybridized atom, such as C in CH4 or N in :NH3, mixes the s and p subshells (one s and three p orbitals) to form four equivalent orbitals. Four equivalent orbitals point at the vertices of a tetrahedron.

44
Q

Approximately how many moles of Al3+ are reduced when 0.1 faraday of charge passes through a cell during the production of Al? (Note: Assume there is excess Al3+ available and that Al3+ is reduced to Al metal only.)

A

A faraday is equal to one mole of electric charge. Because each aluminum ion gains 3 electrons, 0.1 faraday of charge will reduce 0.1/3 moles of aluminum, or 0.033 moles of aluminum.

45
Q

Which of the following substances is most likely to be more soluble in 1.0 M HCl than in 1.0 M NaOH?

_

A

When an ionic substance dissolves, it dissociates into its constituent ions. The solubility of any substance whose anion is basic will be increased in solutions of low pH, as the basic anion reacts with the H+ in solution and is drawn out of the equilibrium. As the basic anion is consumed, the dissolution reaction is driven to the right by Le Chatelier’s principle. Of the substances given as choices, Pb(OH)2 has the most basic anion, OH-. Thus it is most likely to show increased solubility in an HCl solution. Answer choice B is the best choice.

46
Q

what is the requirement to be a reducing sugar?

A

The C1 is the anomeric carbon and a disaccharide that has a C1 carbon that is not involved in a glycosidic bond is said to have a hemiacetal end.

47
Q

uv rad is what and what than visible light or ir radiation

A

higher energy, higher freq emr

48
Q

+h and -s

A

nonspont at all temps

49
Q

+h and +s

A

spont at temps t>h/s

50
Q

-h and -s

A

spont at temps t<h/s

51
Q

-h and +s

A

spont at all temps

52
Q

what type of transport does dynein do? kinesin?

A

dynein- retrograde
kinesin- anterograde
retrograde- mvmt towards cell center
anterograde- movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.

53
Q

azimuthal quantum number

A

approx geo shape of the orbital l

54
Q

principal quantum number

A

pot en of the e (n) and approx radial size of an e cloud

55
Q

is ksp affected by conc? when does ksp change

A

ksp isnt affected by conc. no eq constant is. ksp only changes by chaning temp

56
Q

when would there be h bond deshielding

A

there will b h bonds bc of a helix structure. if h bonds are there the e density around h atoms bound to n will lessen. deshielding effect leads to downfield shifts for nh proton resonances due to lower e density

57
Q

const isomers

A

const have the same mol formula but differ in connectivity

58
Q

isolated v closed system

A

isolated doesnt exchange enrgy or mass with surroudings. closed exch energy but not mass

59
Q

open system

A

exch both mass and energy w surroundings

60
Q

reducing ketone groups creates

A

alcs

61
Q

oxidizing aldehydes makes

A

carbox acids

62
Q

oxidizing primary alcs makes

A

alds

63
Q

sp3 and sp2 hybridization

A

sp3= 4 things incl lp and sp2= 3 things incl lp

64
Q

what is an arrhenius base and what is a lewis acid

A

. a arrhenius base release oh ions and a lewis acid is a lone electron pair acceptor

65
Q

steps of a claisen condensation

A

step 1- alpha rpotn is removed and enolate anion is made and stabilized by e deloc. step 2- carbonyl carbon of other ester is attacked by enoalate anion. steap 3- alklxy group is elim and alkoxide removes newly formed double a proton to make a new res stab enolate anion. acid is added and u get a b keto ester or b di ketone

66
Q

when does positive beta decay occur and what type of answer choice do we need

A

it occurs when the proton to neutron ratio is too high. so we want the highest proton to neutraon ratio (closest to 1:1 or 1:1)

67
Q

describe youngs modulus in stress v strain

A

the higher the youngs modulus the stiffer the solid material. it is a mesure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. so in a graph, the stiffest is the line w the highest slope

68
Q

chaotropic agent

A

any molecule in an aq soln that can disrupt h bonding network incl the bonds btwn water mols. they can denature proteins by disrupting the h bonds that stabilize their configs

69
Q

which residues are more criitcal for overall protein structure

A

inner/core

70
Q

relationship between oxygen in air and hematocrit

A

less ox in the air means higher hematocrit. they will make more rbc bc theres less oxygen. kidney reads ox levels and makes erythropoetin which increases hematocrit

71
Q

hydrogen bond acceptor and donors

A

Adenine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, thymine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, guanine contains 2 donors and 1 acceptor, and cytosine contains 1 donor and 2 acceptors.

MCAT April 2023 (13 decks)

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