B2 (Unit 12) Flashcards
proof
information, documents, etc. that show that something is true
(conclusive/definitive/scientific/further/concrete (= definite) proof, require/need proof, proof positive, burden of proof, standard of proof)
-proof of something
-proof (that)…
-proof against
evidence
-facts, statements, objects that help to prove whether someone has committed a crime
(clear scientific evidence, body of evidence, not a shred of evidence, empirical/anecdotal/ circumstantial/documentary/Fresh/ forensic/All the/growing/mounting/increasing/false/conflicting evidence, evidence to the contrary, give/provide/present/consider/examine/hear /admit/allow/accept evidence , pieces of evidence, lack of evidence)
-evidence (of something)
-evidence for something
-evidence that…
-evidence to suggest, support, show, etc.
-on the evidence of something
-evidence against somebody
-as evidence of something
-in evidence
suspect
- to have an idea that something is probably true or likely to happen, especially something bad, but without having definite proof
(strongly suspect, begin to suspect, reason to suspect, suspect of any involvement, suspected of the crime, suspect fraud/dishonesty/foul play)
-suspect something
-suspect (that)…
-it is suspected that…
-suspect somebody/something to be/have something
-suspect somebody/something of something
-suspect not/so
-suspect so with N/V.ing: cảnh sát
arrest
- if the police arrest somebody, the person is taken to a police station and kept there because the police believe they may be guilty of a crime
(arrested in connection with , arrested on suspicion of, arrested and charged, get arrested, arrested his attention, placed/put under arrest)
-arrest somebody
-arrest somebody for something
charge
-an official claim made by the police that somebody has committed a crime
(criminal charges, murder/an assault charge, to face a charge of , deny/drop the charges, leave yourself open to charges, on a charge of, bring a charge of sth against sb, trumped-up (= false) charge, laid/left sb open to the charge of)
-charge of something
-charge against somebody/something
-without charge
-charge sb with sth
-the amount of money that somebody asks for goods and services
(charge for something, free of charge, make/impose/incur a charge, small/nominal/high charge, charge of)
suspect
-a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad
(chief/key/prime suspect)
the accused
-someone who is accused of a crime in court of law
decision
-a choice or judgement that you make after thinking and talking about
(make right decision, final/big/difficult/tough/hard /informed/ decision, come to/reach/appeal/reverse/overturn a decision)
-decision on/about something
- decision to do something
verdict
-an official judgement made in court or at an inquest (= an official investigation into somebody’s death)
(reached/returned/recorded a verdict, verdict on something/somebody, give their verdict, unanimous verdict, verdict of guilty/not guilty, verdict against/for sb, majority/unanimous verdict, deliver/give/issue your verdict on sth)
commit
- to do something wrong or illegal
( commit a crime/an offence/a foul/murder/fraud/adultery/ an act/an error/a sin/ atrocities/felony, conspiracy to commit) - commit somebody
-committed for/to
break
-to do something that is against the law; to not keep a promise, etc.
(break the law/rules, break a promise/an agreement/a contract/your word/appointment/the speed limit/ broke her promise/word)
rule
-a statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation or when playing a game
(strict rules, follow/obey/break/violate/enforce/apply/change/observe/bend/stretch/ a rule, rules and regulations, unwritten rules, rules of procedure/conduct , rules governing, basic rules, colonial/majority rule
law
a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in society
(break/obey/respect/uphold/enforce/disobey/violate/go into/practise/study law, civil/criminal/ federal/state/tax/anti-trust/environmental/international/civil/common/labour/tax/employment/company/intellectual property/contract/copyright/corporate law, the laws of physics/science/economics, law firm/practice/school /degree/graduate/professor)
- law against (doing) something
- law on/governing something
-within/outside/by/above/under/ the law
-in accordance with the law
- equality before the law
- according to… law
-a law requires/states/allows/forbids/prohibits sth
-
justice
fairness in the way people are dealt with
( social/seek/sense of/natural/ criminal/administration/obstruction of/obstruct/do/bring/local/international/social/racial justice, pervert/obstruct the course of justice, miscarriage of justice, justice system)
-justice for sb
right
what is considered to be morally good or acceptable, your opportunity to act and to be treated in particular ways that the law promises to protect for the benefit of society
( the right thing, seem/feel/quite/only right, civil/human rights,
- right to do something
- it’s right to do something
-it’s right that…
judge
a person in a court who has the authority to decide how criminals should be punished or to make legal decisions
( High Court/federal/district /trial/ appoint a/before/good/ judge, judge rule/decision/Supreme Court, panel of judges)
-Let me be the judge of that
jury
a group of members of the public who listen to the facts of a case in a court and decide whether or not somebody is guilty of a crime, or whether a claim has been proved
(members of the jury, be/sit/serve on/by a jury, a trial by jury/a jury trial, the jury’s verdict, jury awarded/heard, a jury acquits/convicts/deliberates)
prosecute
to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime
( prosecuting counsel/lawyer/attorney, prosecute a case/lawsuit)
-prosecute somebody/something
-prosecute somebody/something for (doing) something
persecute
to treat somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs
-persecute somebody (for something)
-persecute somebody
capital punishment = death sentence = death penalty
punishment by death
corporal punishment
the physical punishment of people, especially by hitting them with hand or stick
robber
-a person who steals money or property from a person or place, especially using violence or threats
(bank robber)
(danh từ miêu tả những kẻ dùng hành vi bạo lực, đe doạ, gây thương tích cho người khác để lấy đi tài sản.)
armed, masked | bank, train | grave, tomb/band, gang/ catch/hold sb/sth up/ snatch sth, steal sth, take sth | escape with sth, get away with sth, make off with sth/attempted, bungled, failed | armed | bank, highway, street/commit, take part in/attempt/robbery with violence/
burglar
a person who enters a building illegally in order to steal
(danh từ dùng để nói về kẻ trộm với hình thức là đột nhập (đột nhập vào các căn nhà, các toà nhà lớn) để lấy đi các đồ đạc có giá trị và không xảy ra các hành vi bạo lực. Tuy nhiên điều đặc biệt là burglar chỉ được dùng để nói đến các hành vi đột nhập ăn trộm xảy ra vào thời điểm đêm tối)
professional | cat | suspected/hunt/ catch/break in/steal sth | strike/alarm/attempted | aggravated/happen, take place/house/
thief
a person who steals something from another person or place
(car/jewel/would-be/common, petty | professional | casual, opportunist | sneak | car, jewel thief, gang of thieves, Thieves stole , petty thief, catch/snatch/steal sth, escape with sth, get away with sth, make off with sth | break in | strike
(danh từ dùng để nói về kẻ trộm cắp, hành vi trộm cắp này mang tính lén lút, không có bạo lực xảy ra, thông thường khi người bị lấy cắp mất đồ họ không nhận ra - được dùng để miêu tả các hành vi trộm cắp tại mọi thời điểm trong ngày.
vandal
a person who deliberately destroys or damages public property
hooligan
a young person who behaves in an extremely noisy and violent way in public, usually in a group (stadium)
(English football hooligans, gangs of soccer hooligans roaming the streets)
sentence
the punishment given by a court
(jail/prison/custodial/harsh/stiff/heavy/lengthy/light/lenient/passed/served /completed/ maximum/minimum/mandatory/carry/face/receive/non-custodial/suspended/ sentence, carries a jail/prison/life/five-year sentence)
-to officially state the punishment given by a law court to a guilty person or organization
-sentence of something
-sentence for something
-under sentence (of something)
-suspended sentence: hoãn lại
imprison
to put somebody in a prison or another place from which they cannot escape
-be imprisoned (for something)
-be imprisoned (+ adv./prep.)
innocent
not guilty of a crime, etc.; not having done something wrong
(innocent party (= person), innocent bystander/victims/civilians/ remark)
-innocent of something
-innocent of doing something
guilty
feeling ashamed because you have done something that you know is wrong or have not done something that you should have done
(equally guilty, guilty look/conscience, feel guilty, pleaded guilty, find not guilty, guilty of murder/crime, guilty of selfishness, the guilty party, proven guilty)
-guilty about doing something
-guilty that…
-plead guilty to: nhận tội
witness
a person who sees something happen and is able to describe it to other people
(key witness, appealed for witnesses , witness statement, go into the witness, defence/prosecution/expert witness, witness for the defence/prosecution, call witness, eye witness, act as/appear as/be called as a witness, credible/material witness, witness account/statement, witness incident/an attack/crime/an agreement/contract/signature)
-witness to something
bystander = onlooker
a person who is standing near and watching something that is happening but is not taking part in it
(innocent bystanders)
lawyer
a person who is trained and qualified to advise people about the law and to represent them in court, and to write legal documents
(hire/consult/appoint a lawyer, defence/trial/human rights/defence/prosecution//civil/corporate/government/ bankruptcy/divorce/tax lawyer, lawyer representing)
-a lawyer defends/represents/sues sb/sth
-lawyer for somebody
solicitor
a lawyer who prepares legal documents, for example for the sale of land or buildings, advises people on legal matters, and can speak for them in some courts of law
(a firm of solicitors, city solicitor)
back down (on/from something)
to admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated, to take back a demand, an opinion, etc. that other people are strongly opposed to; to admit defeat
Ex: She refused to back down on a point of principle.
break out (of something)
to escape from a place or situation (prison)
Ex: Several prisoners broke out of the jail.
bring something in
to introduce something new such as a product or a law
Ex: New safety regulations have been brought in.
chase after
follow sb/sth quickly in order to catch them
come forward
to offer to give help or information
Ex: Several people came forward with information.
get away with (doing) something
to succeed in avoiding punishment for something
Ex: If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn’t pay my taxes at all.
go off
-If a bomb goes off, it explodes
Ex: The bomb went off at midday.
-If a gun goes off, it fires, to be fired (by accident)
Ex: His gun went off accidentally.
hand something in (to somebody)
to give something to a person in authority, especially a piece of work or something that is lost
Ex: to hand in your notice/resignation (= formally tell your employer that you want to stop working for them)
-You must all hand in your projects by the end of next week.
hold up sb/a bank
-to steal from a bank, shop, etc. using a gun, to steal from someone using violence or the threat of violence
Ex: Masked men held up a security van in South London yesterday.
-to delay someone or something (held so/sth up)
Ex: Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident.
let/set something off
-let somebody off (with something): to not punish somebody for something they have done wrong, or to give them only a light punishment
Ex: Instead of a prison sentence they were let off with a fine
-let something off: to fire a gun, or to make something such as a bomb or fireworks explode:
Ex: Don’t let off fireworks near the house.
look into
-look into something: to examine the facts about a problem or situation
Ex: We’re looking into the possibility of merging the two departments.
make off
to leave quickly, usually in order to escape
Ex: The burglars made off before the police arrived.
take down
-to write something that another person has just said
Ex: He took down my address and phone number and said he’d call me.
take sb in=deceive
-to make somebody believe something that is not true
Ex: She took me in completely with her story.
on account of somebody/something
because of somebody/something
Ex: She retired early on account of ill health.
take something into account/take account of something
to consider or remember something when judging a situation
Ex: I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper.
Account for something
-to form the total of something
Ex: Students account for the vast majority of our customers.
-to explain the reason for something
Ex: Rural Americans are often older than those in other parts of America and that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.
Take advantage of sb/sth
to make use of something well; to make use of an opportunity
Ex: We took full advantage of the hotel facilities.
-to make use of somebody/something in a way that is unfair or dishonest
Ex: He took advantage of my generosity
have an/the advantage (over)
to be in a better or more advantageous position (than)
Ex: As she already knew French, she had an advantage over the rest of the class.
at an advantage
in a more powerful or successful position than other people or things:
Ex: With the dollar weakening, US exporters will be at an advantage.
an/one/etc advantage of something
a condition giving a greater chance of success
Ex: The advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats.
Be to blame for sth/doing
to be responsible for something bad
Ex: A spokesman said that bad weather was partly to blame for the delay
sb be to blame for something
get/take the blame for sth/doing
-If you take the blame for something, you say that you did it or that it is your fault
Ex: I’m afraid there was a failure of communication and I take the blame for that.
put/pin/lay/place the blame on sb/sth
đổ lỗi cho ai
blame something on somebody/something
-to say that something is someone’s fault; to place the guilt for something on someone.
Ex: Police are blaming the accident on dangerous driving.
