Learning, Memory and Cognition Flashcards
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as:
The spacing effect: Spacing Effect states that we learn material more effectively and easily when we study it several times spaced out over a longer time span, rather than trying to learn it in a short period of time.
Example: As you can guess, this means that cramming for an exam the night before is not as effective as studying material each night over a week or some period of time.
According to the serial position effect, you will remember more:
Items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle
Which of the following processes is likely to result in the best memory for words?
Semantic encoding:
As you know, encoding is the process of getting information into memory for storage. Semantic encoding is a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever) is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it.
Example: semantic encoding in memory is remembering a phone number based on some attribute of the person you got it from, like their name
The reason most North Americans cannot accurately describe the head of a penny is due to:
encoding failure: Encoding Failure refers to the brain’s occasional failure to create a memory link. Encoding refers to the brain’s ability to store and recall events and information, either short or long-term. This faculty can fail for a number of reasons; trauma or substance use being the most common.
We have all had the experience of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember someone’s name. We are certain that we know the name and feel as if we are just about to remember it, yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might be at work here?
retrieval failure: Encoding is defined as the initial learning of information; storage refers to maintaining information over time; retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it.
Which of the following would be predicted by Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve? Several years after learning the dates of important historical events for a college class, students will:
Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve: The theory is that humans start losing the memory of learned knowledge over time, in a matter of days or weeks, unless the learned knowledge is consciously reviewed time and again. (Have forgotten most of the dates, bu what they do remember, they’ll remember for years to come. )
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
long-term memory
Long-term potentiation is a(n):
neural basis for learning and memory
Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:
Amygdala and hippocampus
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ___________ intelligence.
creative
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
Imprinting is a definition in psychology used to describe the behavior of certain types of newborn animals. It involves a specific set of learned or formalized connections or aversions that are established within a specific time frame after exposure.
Example: A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball
Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a(n)
mental ability to learn from experience
Howard Gardner identified a total of ___________ intelligences
eight
Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg’s concept of practical intelligence?
Practical intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg, is sometimes compared to “street smarts.” Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.
Answer: Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources.
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called
creativity
