Defence Cells

Question 1

What is microbial dysbiosis?

Answer 1

Caused by dental plaque build up

Question 2

What are some examples of innate immune cells?

Answer 2

Monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 3

What are thrombocytes responsible for?

Answer 3

Clotting of blood

Question 4

What are mast cells?

Answer 4

Granulocytes
Early responders to infection or tissue damage
protect against pathogens
role in allergy

Question 5

What is the function of monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 5

Circulate in blood- monocytes
Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages
early responders to infection or tissue damage
Phagocytose and present antigen

Question 6

What are neutrophils?

Answer 6

Phagocytic granulocytes
most numerous
move to tissue when required
contain numerous granules
They produce NETS, extracellular structure to capture microbes

Question 7

What’s the function of basophils and eosinophils?

Answer 7

Granulocytes
Less abundant
Degradative enzymes and antimicrobials
Both contribute to allergy

Question 8

What do eosinophils play a major role in defence against?

Answer 8

Parasites, as larger than neutrophils

Question 9

What do all defence cells derive from?

Answer 9

Precursor in bone marrow

Question 10

What can defence cells differentiate into?

Answer 10

Myeloid or lymphoid

Question 11

What are examples of innate and adaptive like immunity cells?

Answer 11

Dendritic cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells

Question 12

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 12

Antigen Presentation
Derived from myeloid and lymphoid lineage
Activate B and T cells

Question 13

What is an example of a dendritic cell?

Answer 13

Langerhan Cell

Question 14

What is one of the main roles of dendritic cells?

Answer 14

Memory generation

Question 15

What is a natural killer cell? (NK cells)

Answer 15

Large cells with granules
Recognise and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells
Important role in holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

Question 16

What’s the function of innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 16

Link innate and adaptive immune immunity

Question 17

What is examples of adaptive immune cells?

Answer 17

T cells and B cells

Question 18

Where do T cells Mature?

Answer 18

Thymus

Question 19

What is the function of T cells?

Answer 19

Give rise to cellular immunity
Directing antibody production
Recognise antigens through the receptors of t cell receptor

Question 20

What are the different types of T cells?

Answer 20

T helper cells CD4+ ( help and support other immune cells)
Cytotoxic T cells CD8+( destroy our own cells which have become infected)
Regulatory T cells -Tregs- ( regulate or suppress other cells in immune system )
Naïve T cell, can differentiate into other T cells

Question 21

What are the three signals for the CD4+ T Cell?

Answer 21

1’ MHC-TCR interaction
2’ co-stimulatory molecules interactions (CD80/CD86 and CD40 on DC —- CD40L and CD28 on T cell)
3’ signal dictates what T helper cell the naïve cell becomes.

Question 22

Function of CD4+ T cells? (subsets)

Answer 22

TH1 cells support macrophages to destroy intracellular microbes
TH2 cells produce cytokines which recruit and activate mast cells, eosinophils and promote barrier immunity at mucosal surfaces
TH17 cells secrete IL-17 family cytokines that induce local non-professional immune cells to release cytokines and chemokines
TFH cells induce specific B cell responses (promote opsonising antibody response)
Treg cells suppress T cell activity to prevent autoimmunity

Question 23

Function Of B cells

Answer 23

-Communicate with T cells
-Have a specific B cell receptor for antigens
-B cells produce antibodies
-Plasma cells are great big antibody factories
-Memory B cells are important to mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections