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BDS1 > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by reversible cell injury?

A

Cells adapt to changes in environment and return to normal once stimulus is removed

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2
Q

What is meant by irreversible cell injury?

A

Permanent and cell death as a consequence

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3
Q

What can cause cell stress?

A

Intensity of stimuli
Cell vulnerability

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4
Q

What does the intensity of injury depend on?

A

Type of injury, duration and severity
Adaptability of the cell, nutritional status, metabolic needs

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5
Q

What are some causes of cell injury?

A

Hypoxia
Physical agents
Chemicals/drugs
Pathogens
Immunological reactions
Nutritional imbalance
Genetic defects

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6
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficiency of oxygen

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7
Q

What are causes of hypoxia?

A

Anaemia, respiratory failure

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8
Q

How do hypoxic cells release energy?

A

Anaerobic mechanisms (glycolysis)

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9
Q

What is Ischaemia?

A

Reduction in blood supply to tissue

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10
Q

What are causes of ischaemia?

A

Blockage of arterial supply or venous drainage

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11
Q

What does ischaemia result in?

A

Depletion of oxygen and nutrients

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12
Q

Why is ischaemia more severe than hypoxia?

A

As anaerobic respiration will stop too

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13
Q

What does mechanical trauma effect?

A

Effects cell structure and membrane

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14
Q

What does extreme temperature effect?

A

Effects proteins and chemical reactions

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15
Q

What are different infectious agents which cause cell injury?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Protons

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16
Q

What does an excess of glucose cause?

A

Osmotic disturbance

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17
Q

What’s an example of a occupational hazard?

A

Asbestos

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18
Q

What are examples of immunological reactions that cause cell injury?

A

Anaphylaxis
Auto-immune reactions

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19
Q

What is an example of nutritional imbalance?

A

Too little - Scurvy, Rickets
Too much- Hypervitaminosis A/D

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20
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Disease caused by vitamin C deficiency

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21
Q

What are examples of genetic defects which cause cell injury?

A

Sickle cell anaemia
Inborn error of metabolism

22
Q

What is cloudy swelling in cells caused by?

A

When the cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis
Failure of energy dependant ion pumps in cell membrane

23
Q

What is fatty change in cells caused by?

A

Accumulation of lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm caused by disruption of fatty acid metabolism so that triglycerides cannot be released from the cell, especially in liver

24
Q

What is the common cause of fatty change in the liver?

A

Alcohol
Obesity
Diabetes

25
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death due to some form of pathology

26
Q

How are cell remains from necrosis removed?

A

Phagocytosis

27
Q

What response occurs in surrounding tissues from necrosis?

A

Inflammatory response

28
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

When the nucleus shrinks

29
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

When the nucleus splits into fragments

30
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

Nucleus is digested by endonucleases

31
Q

What is a cytoplasmic change in necrotic cells?

A

Appears paler because swollen
More pink due to denaturation of cytoplasmic structural and enzyme proteins

32
Q

What are different types of necrosis?

A

-coagulative necrosis
-Liquefactive necrosis
-Caseous necrosis
-Gangrenous necrosis
-Fat necrosis
-Fibrinoid necrosis

33
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

When cells are broke down to liquid state (PUS)

34
Q

Where is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Necrosis seen in immune reactions in blood vessels

35
Q

What are the effects of necrosis?

A

Inflammation
Cell remains are phagocytosis
Necrotic area replaced with a scar

36
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Genetically programmed cell death

37
Q

What are differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Necrosis causes inflammation and doesn’t require energy, apoptosis doesn’t cause inflammation and does require energy

38
Q

What are pathological triggers of apoptosis?

A

Hypoxia and ischaemia
Viral infection (CD8+ contain enzymes that induce apoptosis)
DNA damage

39
Q

What are caspases?

A

Activated enzymes which trigger apoptosis

40
Q

What are physiological roles of apotosis?

A

Deletion of cell populations during embryogenesis
Cell deletion in proliferating cell populations to maintain numbers
Deletion of inflammatory cells after an inflammatory response
Deletion of self reactive T cells in thymus

41
Q

What does apoptosis look like in a cell?

A
42
Q

What can an accumulation of cholesterol in cells cause?

A

Atherosclerosis

43
Q

What is amyloid?

A

A fibrillar protein material which is deposited as a result of pathologic processes leading to increased production of these proteins

44
Q

What can amyloid be stimulated by?

A

Chronic inflammation
Multiple myeloma
Ageing
Drug abuse

45
Q

What diseases can amyloid cause?

A

Alzheimer’s

46
Q

What are examples of endogenous pigmentation?

A

Melanin
Bilirubin

47
Q

What are examples of exogeneous pathological pigementation?

A

Carbon (inhaled soot/smoke)
Tattoos
Heavy metal salts (lead)

48
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue

49
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium in normal, vital tissue

50
Q

What are causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

-Increased level of PTH
-Destruction of bone tissue
-Excess vitamin D
-Renal failure

BDS1 (43 decks)

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