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BDS1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by neoplasm?

A

Genetic disorder of cell growth, tumour

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2
Q

What are characteristics of a benign tumours growth pattern?

A

-may be encapsulated
-expansion
-localised

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3
Q

What are characteristics of a malignant tumours growth pattern?

A

-Invasion/infiltration
-no capsule
-metastasis (can travel to other organs)

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4
Q

What are the histological features of a benign tumour?

A

-resembles tissue of origin
-uniform cell/nuclear shape and size
-few mitoses (dividing cells)

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5
Q

What are the histological features of a malignant tumour?

A

-variable resemblance to tissue origin
-different shape sizes/nuclear sizes
-many mitoses

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6
Q

What are clinical effects of benign tumours?

A

-Lump/pressure/obstruction depending on site and size
-+-hormone secretion
-treat by local excision

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7
Q

What are clinical effects of malignant tumours?

A

-local pressure, infiltration and destruction
-+- hormone secretion
-local excision and chemotherapy or radiation if metastases present

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8
Q

What is an example of a benign tumour which effects the salivary gland?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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9
Q

What does the term adenoma mean?

A

A tumour arising from glandular tissue

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10
Q

Where is a high risk area for cancer in the oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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11
Q

What two components are all tumours composed of?

A

-Neoplastic cells that constitute the tumour parenchyma
-Reactive stroma made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and cells of the adaptive and innate immune system.

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12
Q

What does term ‘sarcoma’ mean?

A

Malignant CONNECTIVE TISSUE tumour

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13
Q

What does term ‘carcinoma’ mean?

A

Malignant EPITHELIAL TISSUE tumour

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14
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A

White patches in the mouth that cannot be rubbed off

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15
Q

What epithelial tissues may dysplasia effect?

A

Squamous - oral, cervical
Glandular - Barret’s oesophagus
Transitional- Bladder

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16
Q

What is meant by pleomorphism?

A

Different shapes and sizes

17
Q

How is dysplasia identified?

A

A change in the cells appearance and arrangement

18
Q

What HPV types are the most likely to be associated with malignancy?

A

HPV 16 and 18

19
Q

What are the stages of carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation- when carcinogen induces a genetic change in one cell
Promotion- another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division
Progression- Additional mutations resulting in malignancy.

20
Q

What are examples of chemical carcinogens?

A

-smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons including tars
-diet, drugs, alcohol
-asbestos

21
Q

What are examples of physical carcinogenesis?

A

-Ionising radiation
-UV light

22
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Normal genes which regulate cell division

23
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes which act to inhibit cell division and suppress growth
Act as anti-oncogenes

24
Q

What is the function of TP53 gene?

A

Stop the cell cycle to allow DNA repair
Apoptosis

25
Q

What are examples of inherited cancer syndromes?

A

Retinoblastoma
Colon cancers

26
Q

What are examples of familial cancer?

A

Breast, ovary, colon

27
Q

What are 6 hallmarks of cancer? !

A

-Evade apoptosis
-Sustain angiogenesis
-Tissue invasion and metastasis
-limitless replicative potential
-Self sufficiency in growth signals
-insensitivity to anti-growth signals

28
Q

What are different ways malignant tumours can spread?

A

Local
Lymphatic spread
Blood spread
Transcoelomic spread
Intraepithelial spread

29
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of the malignant cells to distant organs forming secondary tumours

30
Q

How are carcinomas usually spread?

A

Lymphatic
Blood (later)

31
Q

How do sarcomas usually spread?

A

Blood

32
Q

How is tumour grading performed?

A

By looking at tissue with microscope and investigating tissue to notice any changes

33
Q

What is cancer staging?

A

Staging describes the extent or severity of a person’s cancer. Knowing the stage of disease helps planning treatment and estimating the person’s prognosis.

34
Q

How does the immune system recognise tumour cells?

A

-products of mutated genes
-Viral proteins
-Overexpressed proteins

35
Q

What cell drives the immune response to tumour associating antigens?

A

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+)

36
Q

How do tumour cells evade the immune response?

A

-Alter tumour antigen expression. Lack of T cell recognition
-Activation of immunoregulatory pathways leading to T cell unresponsiveness and apoptosis
-Immunosuppressive factors (cytokines). Inhibit t cell response

37
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Using the patients own immune response to control and destroy malignant cells

BDS1 (43 decks)

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