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Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 1: Lower Chlrdates and jawless Vertebrates > Flashcards

Lab 1: Lower Chlrdates and jawless Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial, caudal, Rostral

A

Closer to head

Closer to tail

Structures just within the head (cranial)

Superior and inferior in humans

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2
Q

Dorsal, ventral

A

Closer to vertebral column or backbone

Closer to the belly

Posterior and anterior in humans

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3
Q

Lateral and medial

A

More to the side of the body

More towards the midline

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4
Q

Proximal and distal

A

Closer to point at which limb attaches to body

Further

Ex: elbow is proximal to the wrist because elbow is closer to shoulder than wrist. The wrist is distal to the elbow

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5
Q

Superficial and deeps

A

Lie closer to the skin surface

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6
Q

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal section

Parasagittal section

A

Passes through the body from dorsal to ventral (animals) from head to toe in humans

Divides the body into equal right and left halves

Sagittal section not in the midline

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7
Q

Frontal plane

A

A section made that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts longitudinally.

For humans, this plane divides us into front and back halves. For quadrupeds, the frontal plane separates the back from the belly.

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8
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cross section

Divides into cranial and caudal parts

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9
Q

Chordate characteristics

A

Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Post anal muscular tail
Pharyngeal hill slits
Sub pharyngeal gland (thyroid) that binds iodine

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10
Q

Hemichordates and example

A

Wormlike marine animals

-generally not considered chordates (true notochord in question)

Acorn worms- live in shallow coastal water and burrow into sand. Belong to genus Balanoglossus

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11
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea stars and urchins

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12
Q

Chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms are all

A

Deuterostomes

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13
Q

Ambulacraria includes which groups

A

Echinoderms and hemichordates

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14
Q

Balanoglossus body can be divided into what regions

A

Proboscis
-conical anterior portion of body
-pushed forward during burrowing
-supported by stomochord (notochord analog)

Collar
-collar coelom inflates to anchor the work in its burrow, deflates when proboscis inflates to move.

Trunk

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15
Q

Stomochord

A

Near stalk or proboscis
-analogue if notochord
-partly chitinous, but walls consist of vacuolated cells which resemble the notochord.

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16
Q

Balanoglossus water enters the …. And exits the …..

A

Mouth and pharynx

Numerous dorsal pharyngeal gill slips

Slits empty into an atrium, space formed by lateral fold of body (genital folds)

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17
Q

In Balanoglossus, numerous external outpouchings of the ______ are evident in the anterior part of the intestine

A

Hepatic cecae

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18
Q

Balanoglossus have ______ gill slits

A

Internal

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19
Q

Urochordates (Tunicates)
-common name
-phylum
-mobility

A

Sea squirts
-chordates
-mainly sessile species

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20
Q

The contracted siphons of Urochordates (Tunicates) lie at the ______ which is the ______ surface.

The incurrent siphon is _______ at the _____ and the excurrent siphon lies more to the ______

A

Top
Dorsal

Larger
Top
Side

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21
Q

Urochordates (Tunicates) Tunic

A

Is leathery and is secreted by the epidermis cell layer, can be seen beneath the tunic

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22
Q

The anterior surface of Urochordates (Tunicates) is at the ______ and the posterior surface is at the _____

A

Incurrent siphon

Excurrent siphon

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23
Q

Mantle

A

Thin, transparent, Muscle Covering of organs in tunicates that helps contract to expel water from the pharynx

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24
Q

Most of the inside of Urochordates (Tunicates) is occupied by the ____

A

Pharynx

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25
Q

The gill slits of the pharynx are _____ shaped and the openings are lined with _______ to create a current that draws water through the slits in Urochordates (Tunicates)

A

Spiral shaped

Cilia

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26
Q

Urochordates (Tunicates) feeding style and how it works

A

Filter feeder

As water passes through the hill slits of the pharynx, food is captured by mucus strands sent out from the Endostyle, a thickened line on the ventral portion of the pharynx.

Eventually, the mucus strands with their trapped food particles are collected on the opposite side of the pharynx in a ciliated fold of the pharynx called the dorsal lamina. Strands are roped together in a spiral motion and passed to the digestive system.

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27
Q

Endostyle appearance in Urochordates (Tunicates)

A

U shaped
Inner lining has glandular mucus secreting cells and a long flagellum

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28
Q

Certain cells of the Endostyle produce____

A

Iodinated proteins

Likely homologous to thyroids gland in vertebrates

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29
Q

Only chordate characteristic of adult tunicates is…..

A

Pharyngeal slits and Endostyle

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30
Q

Tunicate larvae

A

-motile
-develop quickly
-after swimming for days, large attaches to a substrate and undergoes a metamorphosis.
-displays all chordate characteristics
-nerve cord expands anteriorly as an eyespot
-does not feed
-adhesive suckers at anterior end to stick to substrate
-once attached, nerve cord, notochord and tail atrophy

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31
Q

What are Cephalochordates
-size
-habitat
-common names
-reason for name
-mobility

A

Small, somewhat fish-like marine organism 4-7pm in length that are found in coastal waters of continental shelves.
-adults are sessile, partly in sandy substrate
-most common are lancelets or amphioxus
-notochord extends right into the front of the head.
-filter feed or swim weakly using myomeres and small caudal fin

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32
Q

Myomeres

A

V-shaped muscle segments

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33
Q

How many fins does amphioxus have

A

Dorsal fin
Ventral fin
Caudal fin

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34
Q

Oral hood

A

Transparent chamber at cranial end with Fringed with chemo receptive tentacles called oral cirri. Cirri also help exclude large food particles from the pharynx.

Contains the mouth

Amphioxus

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35
Q

Where are gonads on amphioxus

Are sexes separate?

A

Arranged in blocks below the myomeres

Yes but not distinguishable externally

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36
Q

The ______ of amphioxus extends the entire length of the body and can be contracted to increase its turgidity for swimming and burrowing

A

Notochord

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37
Q

In amphioxus, the ________ is dorsal to the _____, and is almost as long as the ______

A

Nerve cord

Notochord

Notochord

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38
Q

Pharynx

The walls of the pharynx of amphioxus have spaces called _____

A

Large chamber extending from the mouth to the intestine

Gill slits

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39
Q

The nerve chord in amphioxus is tubular (hollow) and has _________ along its ventral margin

A

Dark, photo receptive pigment spots

40
Q

Does the pharynx have respiratory function in amphioxus

A

No, gas exchange occurs through the skin

41
Q

Some Endostyle cells of amphioxus produce _____ and others _____

A

Mucus to trap food

Concentrate iodine

42
Q

Are Cephalochordates or Urochordates our closest living relatives

A

Urochordates

43
Q

Most primitive vertebrates alive today are the

A

Jawless vertebrates

Lampreys
Hagfishes

44
Q

Ostracoderms are specialized in having a _________ while hagfishes and lampreys are ______

A

Bony armour

Slimy, eel like fish specialized for burrowing or parasitic lifestyles

45
Q

Ostracoderms are more closely related to _____

A

Jawed vertebrates than hagfishes and lampreys

46
Q

Hagfish appearance

A

-round mouth
-slimy
-sensory barbels around mouth
-external hill opening(s)
-single Neal opening
-scaleless skin

47
Q

Hagfish habitat and diet

A

Marine
Burrows or bottom waters of continental shelves

Shrimp, polychaete worms and dead or drying fish and marine mammals

48
Q

Hagfish defence

A

Secrete huge quantities of mucus and protein threads

Remove mucus after the threat is over by tying themselves in a knot and passing it along the body to squeeze off the mucus

49
Q

Lampreys appearance

A

-found mouth
-slimy eel shape
-scaleless
-dermal bony armour
-up to 1 m

50
Q

Lamprey lifestyle and habitat

A

External parasitic lifestyle

Temperate waters, travel up fresh water streams and rivers to breed (anadromous), some are land locked and live entirely in fresh water.

51
Q

How are lampreys bodies divided

A

Head
-a tie or end and fill region

Trunk

Caudal regions

52
Q

Caudal fin of lampreys are of the ______ type

A

Diphycercal

Vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the caudal sun is supported by fin raya above and below the axial skeleton

53
Q

Lamprey

Buccal funnel

Annuals ring

Horny teeth

Buccal papillae

Tongue

A

Forms the mouth region in lampreys
-supported by a ring of cartilage, sun toon onto prey. internally called the annular ring
-interior funnel has many rows of brown horny teeth. Composed of heavily keratinized epithelium. Used to bite into prey.
-fringed margins of Berkeley’s Buccal
papillae. Sensory structures to achieve suction.

-rasping, protrubisble tongue in Center of mouth used for abrasion of the hosts flesh

54
Q

Median Nostril of lamprey

A

On top of head and leads olfactory apparatus within.

55
Q

Pineal organ or pineal eye

A

Lamprey
Lie beneath skin, which lacks pigment in this region. Not image forming but sensitive to light levels and plays a role in diurnal cycles such as colour change in larval lampreys.

56
Q

Lateral eyes or lamprey

A

Well developed, lidless, image forming eyes.

57
Q

Layers like system

A

Lamprey

Short rows of bumps or ores

Sensory system in fished which allows them to detect vibration and movement in the water

58
Q

How many gill slits do lamprey have

A

7 external gill slits open externally behind the lateral eyes.

59
Q

Cloaca

A

Chamber into which the anus and Urogenital ducts open

60
Q

Urogenital papilla

A

Small finger-like tube which receives both excretory (nitrogenous wastes from kidney) and genital (egg or spermatids) products

Found within the cloacal chamber

61
Q

The muscles of fish are arranged in segments called ______ separated by connective tissue partitions called _______

A

Myomeres (V shaped)

Myosepta

62
Q

Contraction of the myomeres results in _______

A

Lateral bending of the trunk and tail

63
Q

The tongue of lampreys is supported by

And is moved by

The Buccal cavity is supported internally by

A

A large lingual cartilage

Lingual muscle surrounding the cartilage

Annular cartilage

64
Q

The main component of the axial skeleton of lampreys is the _____

What is its function

A

Notochord extending from the tail region to just beneath the middle of the brain.

Provide support during locomotion by preventing shortening of the body when myomeres contract

65
Q

Arcualia

What are they homologous to

A

Small cartilaginous prices extended for Sally from the notochord to partially enclose the spinal cord

Thought to be homologous to vertebral arches of vertebrates

66
Q

Chrondrocrabium

A

Purplish cartilage surrounding the brain of lampreys

67
Q

Branchial basket

A

In lampreys, cartilage supporting the full region

68
Q

Inner ear of lampreys location and specialization

A

Caudal to the eye and enclosed in cartilage on either side of the Brian

Has two vertical semicircular ducts instead of 3 like vertebrates

69
Q

The pharyngeal glands of lampreys are surrounded by

A

Lingual muscles

70
Q

Pharyngeal glands

A

Secrete their products beneath the tongue, to produce an anticoagulant that prevents clotting of the hosts blood. Also secrete enzymes to begin digestion if the preys proteins and blood cells.

71
Q

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

A

Portion of the coelom containing the digestive organs such as the liver and intestine in lampreys

72
Q

Spiral valve

A

In lampreys, a fold in the intestine that runs slightly spiralled and increase surface area

73
Q

Why are lampreys intestines simple

A

Not mesentery holding it in place.

Simplicity due to fluid diet that is easy to digest and absorb compared to solid foods

74
Q

Lamprey liver

When are the gall bladder and bile duct present

A

Large green organ, triangular in Sagittal

Larval phase only

75
Q

Respiratory tube/ respiration in lampreys (normal) and parasitic

A

-guarded by a series of finger-like tentacles which constitutes the velum that prevents debris from harming the gills
-contains several internal hill slits which leads into the hill pouch or branchial pouch
-numerous gill lamellae are present in each pouch.
-water entering the mouth flows through the pharynx, respiratory tube and gill pouches then leaves through the external gill slits

When attached to a host, water enters and exits thought the external gill slits.

Blood and body fluids travelling through the mouth and pharynx are prevented from entering the respiratory tube by the velum

76
Q

Lampreys have how many major parts of the heart

A

3

Atrium: on left, larger and darker

Ventricle: right, lighter, more muscular

Sinus venosus: tube between above two

77
Q

All major veins of body eventually drain into the _______

A

Sinus venosus

78
Q

Passageway of blood in heart

A

Deoxygenated blood-> sinus venosus->sinus trial aperature->atrium->atrioventricular aperature->ventricle-> ventral aorta->gills-> gas exchange in afferent branchial arteries->oxygenated blood in 7 pairs of efferent branchial arteries-> dorsal aorta->carotid arteries or caudal Artery or vein—> brain or tail-> vein into 2 posterior cardinal vein or anterior cardinal veins ——> sinus venosus

79
Q

The caudal artery and caudal vein

The artery lies _____ to the vein

A

Dorsal

80
Q

The anterior and posterior cardinal veins on the right side of the body _______ to form a _____

A

Unite
Right common cardinal vein which passes on the right side of the esophagus to enter the sinus venosus

81
Q

Anterior cardinal veins drain the

A

Dorsal portion of the head and branchial regions

82
Q

Inferior jugular vein drains

Usually paired ______

A

Ventral party of the head and brachial region are drained by this

Anteriorly until just cranial to the fifth hill slit where it becomes a single vessel which then drain into the sinus venosus, centrally and anteriorly

83
Q

Lampreys lack a spleen, how does blood form?

A

In a specialized tissue called a hemopoietic tissue

Dark or cream coloured zone of connective tissue dorsal to the spinal cord and notochord

84
Q

Lampreys have a primitive kidney called a _____

What is it drained by

A

Opisthonephros

Archinephric duct: collapsed, thin walled tube at the ventral edge of the kidney.

85
Q

Urogenital sinus is formed by…

This leads outside of the body as the _____

A

Archinephric ducts from either side untie anterior to the cloaca to form this

Urogenital papilla

86
Q

Gonad of lamprey

A

Very large: Nearly fils pleuroperioneal cavity

Ovary contains thousands of eggs

Teatis consist of gonadal tissue

Eggs and spleen are discharged into the coelom directly and leave the body via genital pores which are lateral to the Urogenital sinus.

87
Q

Fertilization of lampreys is _____

A

External

88
Q

Lamprey life cycle

A

Migrate from ocean to lakes to streams to spawn and then die. Larvae hatch in 3 weeks. Larval life lasts 5-7 years followed by metamorphosis at a length of 10-12 cm. Adult phase lasts 1-2 years before spawning

89
Q

Ammocoetes sp. appearance

A

Lamprey larvae
-dorsal fin and caudal fin continuous
-post anal tail
-spinal cord visual as dorsal, dark staining structure running length of the larvae and into brain.
-notochord is lighter and ventral to spinal cord
-nostril cranial to eye
-auditory vesicle (large, clear)

90
Q

Ammocoetes feeding

A

Filter feeding like amphioxus, lacks parasitism like adults.

Feeding accomplished by muscular pumping of water into the pharynx rather than by ciliary action (amphioxus). This more efficient= bigger size!

91
Q

Sub pharyngeal gland

A

Ammocoetes

Homologous to Endostyle

Secretes mucous which is discharged into the pharynx via a duct. More mucous is produced by the pharyngeal lining and gill pouches. Mucous traps food and then forms a long cord which travels down the esophagus.

Some of the cells of the gland produce iodinated proteins and these cells are transformed into a thyroid gland of the adult.

92
Q

Ammocoetes digestive pathway

A

Muscular pulling of water into pharynx, subpaheyngeal gland, esophagus, intestine, cloaca

93
Q

Ammocoetes liver and gall bladder

A

Liver is squarish and contains a clear vesicle, the gall bladder.

94
Q

Heart of Ammocoetes

A

Hollow sac in front of the liver and behind the branchial region

95
Q

In Ammocoetes the spinal cord lies _______ to the notochord

The sun pharyngeal gland lies ______ the ventral aorta

A

Dorsal

Beneath

96
Q

Lower chordate groups

A

Hemichordates
Urochordates
Cephalochordates

97
Q

What 5 characteristics do living jawless vertebrates (hagfishes and lampreys) share with earliest known fossil vertebrates (ostracoderms)

A

Round mouth opening
Jawless
Lack appendages
Pharyngeal hill slits
Notochord

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

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