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Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 3: Life In Water Part 2 > Flashcards

Lab 3: Life In Water Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The branchiomeric muscles are what type of muscle and attached where

A

Visceral muscles

Attached to the visceral skeleton and associated with the hill arches, and their derivatives (Mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches)

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2
Q

The branchiomeric muscles can be divided into muscles associated with what 3 areas?

A

Mandibular arch

Hyoid arch

Five branchial arches

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3
Q

5 Mandibular arch muscles

A

Adductor Mandibulae
Levator palatoquadrati
Spiracularis
Preorbitalis
Intermandibularis

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4
Q

The large muscle mass at the articulation of the palatoquadrate and the Mandibular cartilage (jaw joints is the _____

A

Adductor mandibulae

Powerful jaw closing muscle

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5
Q

Dorsal to the adductor mandibulae, rostral to the spiracle, lying atop the spiracular valve is a small muscle mass that contains two muscles:

A

Rostral mass: Levator palatoquadrati
-elevators the palatoquadrate

Spiracularis (inserts on cranial wall of the spiracle)
-closes spiracle

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6
Q

Which muscle is found underneath the eye

A

Preorbitalis

Acts to pull the jaws forward (protract)
-adios in feeding by ext ending the jaws outward toward the prey or to pick up food from the substrate in bottom feeders

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7
Q

Intermandibularis is found where and does what

A

Arises from the Mandibular cartilage and inserts into connective tissue

Elevated the floor of the oral cavity

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8
Q

Hyoid arch muscles

A

Interhypideus
Dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors
Levator hyomandibulae

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9
Q

Levator hyomandibulae
-location
-function

A

-caudal to spiracle and dorsal to adductor mandibulae
-merges and is difficult to separate from caudal dorsal hyoid constrictor

-Elevates the hyomandibula and jaw

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10
Q

Dorsal hyoid constrictor
-location

Function of dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictor

A

Caudal to the Levator
-continuous ventrally with the ventral hyoid constrictor

Compress the first branchial chamber

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11
Q

Ventral hyoid constrictor is continuous rostral lay with the

A

Interhyoideus

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12
Q

Interhyoideus
-location
-function

A

-beneath Intermandibularis
-elevates the floor of the oral cavity

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13
Q

Branchial arch muscles

A

Superficial constrictors
Inter branchial
Branchial adductor
Interarcuals
Cucullaris

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14
Q

The branchial arch muscles are responsible for _______

They are divided how?

A

Operating the five functional branchial arches (visceral arches 3-7)

Levator group- elevates the hill apparatuses
Constrictor group- compressed the branchial region
Interarcual group- extends between elements of a single branchial arch or between adjacent arches and brings these parts closer

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15
Q

The Levators of the branchial arches have fused into a single muscle called a

-function
-homologous to….

A

Cucullaris

-triangular muscle
-homologous with trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid muscles of mammals
-draw the pectoral girdle and fin cranially and elevates the full apparatus

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16
Q

Constrictor group of branchial arch muscles

A

Includes dorsal and ventral branchial constrictors and the interbranchial muscles

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17
Q

Both the cranial and caudal faces of the full pouch have finger-like _______

A

Gill lamellae arranged in a tan shape on them

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18
Q

Function of the dorsal and ventral branchial constrictors

A

Serve to compress the branchial pouches to aid in expelling water

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19
Q

The inter branchial muscles are ______ in colour, and are arranged in a _______ pattern running between gill rays, and underneath the hill lamellae

A

Yellow

Circular

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20
Q

The contraction of the interbrachial brings together the __________

A

Gills rays to squeeze water from between the gill lamellae during expulsion of the respiratory current

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21
Q

Interarcuals include what

A

Branchial adductor (dorsal and ventral)
Lateral and dorsal Interarcuals

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22
Q

Function of Interarcuals

A

Bring adjacent branchial arches together and help to compress the branchial pouches

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23
Q

Ventral branchial adductors
Dorsal branchial adductors

function

A

Decrease angle between epibranchial and ceratobrancial

Decrease angle between pharyngobranchual and epibranchial

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24
Q

Lateral and dorsal Interarcuals function

A

Draw skjelton elements of successive branchial arches together

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25
Q

Two major divisions of the nervous system

A

Central - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral -cranial and spinal nerves

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26
Q

The spinal cord has a central _______ and the brain has _____ chambers, the _______, all of which are filled with ________

A

Canal
Hollow
Ventricles
Cerebrospinal

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27
Q

Cranial nerves originate from the ______ and exit through _______

Spinal nerves originate from the ________

A

Brain
Foramina holes in chondrocranium

Spinal cord segmentally, with a pair of spinal nerves generally associated with each body segment (vertebra)

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28
Q

Sharks smelling

A

Highly developed sense of smell (olfaction)
-guides them to their prey

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29
Q

Shark noses and process of smelling

A

Naris - water enters the incurrent aperature (lateral openings) and passing into the organ of olfaction called the olfactory sac. The water then exits though the more medial opening, the excurrent aperature.
Thin flap-like valve prevents water from entering the excurrent aperture

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30
Q

Olfactory lamellae

A

Interior of the olfactory sac
-highly folded
-provide a very large surface area for the olfactory epithelium containing the olfactory cells.

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31
Q

Advantages of shark smelling and nerves

A

The axons of the olfactory neurons that detect odious travel together as a very short olfactory nerve to pass the signal on to the brain

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32
Q

Lateral line system of fishes and larval amphibians purpose

A

Senses low frequency disturbances in the water

Allows fish to detect pressure waves created when objects make waves or disturbances in the water as they move or when waves created by the fishes own movement are reflected back to them from distant objects

Allows for non vision capture

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33
Q

Lateral line system includes what

A

Series of canals which usually lie beneath the skin
-canals open to the surface through a series of pores and are filled with fluid (sea water in marine species)

All over head but main canal runs down entire length of the trunk between epaxial and hypaxial muscles

34
Q

The specialized receptors of the lateral line system are called ______

A

Neuromasts

In canals

35
Q

The ampullary organs are modified ______ organs

A

Lateral line

36
Q

Ampullae

A

Elongate, vase-shaped, jelly filled tubes that have a swelling at the base and open at the surface of the skin via pores

Receptors in the swollen base (ampulla)

Primary function of the ampullae of Lorenzini is electroreception: respond to bio electric fields such as those generated by mucus secretion and the muscular activity of prey.

37
Q

Each ampulla is supplied with a tiny branch of the _______

A

Facial cranial nerve

38
Q

Paired lateral eyes are present in all vertebrates unless

A

They have been secondarily lost such as blind cave fish

39
Q

Why don’t aquatic animals have extensive eyelids

A

Water keeps their eyes moist and clean

40
Q

The shiny inner membranous lining between the eye and the eyelid is the _______

A

Conjunctiva

41
Q

The eye is considered to be composed of ____ layers called _____

What are they

A

3
Tunics

Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic (Choroid)
Inner tunic

42
Q

Fibrous tunic parts

A

Outermost: fibrous tunic- string fibrous connective tissue

Cornea: allow light in the eye
-front portion of the fibrous tunic

sclera: contains cartilage to provide support to the eye. Caudal portion of the fi our tunic and is grey (like white of our eye)

43
Q

Vascular tunic or choroid
Functions and oarts

A

-black in colour
-provide blood supply to the eye and to absorb excess light that could blue the image

Pigmented isis with pupil
-smooth muscles control iris to open or close pupil

Ciliary body interior to iris
-attached to lens which focuses the light raya onto the retina

44
Q

Inner tunic parts

A

Retina- whitish layer at the back of the eye containing microscopic photoreceptors called rods and cones. Where the nerve fibers of retina converge at the back of the eye is the optic disc or blind spot (no photoreceptors)

45
Q

3 chambers of the internal eye and their locations

A

Anterior: between cornea and iris
Posterior: between iris and lens
Vitreous: posterior to the lens

46
Q

3 chambers of the eye and their functions

A

Anterior and posterior chambers

-filled with a watery fluid called aqueous humor.

Vitreous chamber

-filled with gelatinous material called vitreous humor
-supports lens and helps keep the retina in place at the back of the eye

47
Q

Water vs land eye

A

Water
-cornea does not greatly focus light rays into retina so it is nearly flat. (No need to bend light since water does)
-lens is spherical, very rough and does not accommodate for near or far vision
-tapetum lucidum: reflects some light onto retina with guanine crystals. In bright light these are covered by cytoplasmic extensions to cover the mirror to reduce its reflective capacity

Land
-cornea is round shaped and bends light
-lens is flattened and flexible to adjust to near or far vision
-tapetum to reflect light back onto retina but without guanine crystals

48
Q

The extrinsic eye muscles are _____ small axial muscles which do what

A

6

Move the eye

49
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles
-muscle
-origin
-Insertion
-innervation
-action

A

Dorsal rectus
-orbit
-dorsal surface of eye
-oculomotor nerve (3)
-elevates eye

Ventral rectus
-orbit
-ventral surface of eye
-oculomotor nerve 3
-depresses eye

Medial rectus
-orbit
-medial surface of eye
-oculomotor nerve 3
-medically rotates (adducts) eye

Lateral rectus
-orbit
-lateral surface of eye
-abducens nerve (6)
-laterally rotates (abducts) eye

Dorsal oblique
-orbit
-dorsal surface of eye
-trochlear nerve (4)
-rotates eye about longitudinal axis

Ventral oblique
-orbit
-ventral surface of eye
-oculomotor nerve 3
-rotates eye about longitudinal axis

50
Q

Acousticolateralis system

A

Inner eye
-detects movements of fluid in the ear caused by the sharks own body movements
-related to lateral line

51
Q

The inner ear consists of a delicate cartilaginous system of ducts and sacs called _______, which functions in both _____ and _____

A

Membranous labyrinth

Hearing and balance

52
Q

Membranous labyrinth is filled with a ______and ______

A

Watery fluid called Endo lymph

Also floats in fluid called perilymph

53
Q

The inner ear consists of 3 ________and 3 ________

A

Semicircular ducts (two vertical and one horizontal)

Sacs - sacculus

54
Q

Anterior and posterior vertical semicircular canals

A

Channels that contain the camparavke semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth

55
Q

Each semicircular duct bears a swelling, _______

What do the semicircular ducts do

A

Ampulla and it’s ventral attachment

Detect rotational/ angular movements in space.

The Endo lymph fluid inside the canals lags behind when the shark moved the body. The lagging causes sensory structures in the ampullae to move, which sends a signal to the brain

56
Q

The sacculus contains a sensory organ called

A

Macula

Detects the position of the head as well as linear acceleration of the body

57
Q

The macula contains a bed of ______ called an ________ which are embedded in an gelatinous matrix. In Squalus, the otolith contains what?

A

Crystals

Otolith

Sand grains

58
Q

Water vs land comparison of the war

A

In water, must detect water disturbances caused by underwater sources of sound.

Sound waves in water have 2 components: low frequency displacement waves (closer to sound) , and higher frequency pressure waves (farther from sound)

59
Q

The most dorsal structure of the brain is the ______

A

Body of the cerebellum

60
Q

5 divisions of the brain and their order from top to bottom

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

61
Q

Telencephalon structures, nerves and cranial nerve distribution

A

Most rostral region
Olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, cerebral hemispheres (where smell is interpreted) , ventricles 1 and 2

Olfactory (1) nerve

Olfactory epithelium

62
Q

Diencephalon structures, cranial nerves and cranial nerve distribution

A

Below cerebral hemispheres

Epithalamus (olfactory Center)
thalamus (relay from cerebrum to other places)
hypothalamus (integrating area for visceral activity-endocrine and autonomic system)
Tela choroidea (secretes cerebrospinal fluid-shock absorber, provides nutrients, maintains constant ionic environment)
3rd ventricle

Optic nerve 2

Retina

63
Q

Mesencephalon structures, cranial nerves and cranial nerve distribution

A

Optic lobes ( visual reflexes contained in the lobes )

Oculomotor 3 nerve and trochelar nerve 4

Ventral oblique, ventral rectus, medial rectus and dorsal rectus muscles

Dorsal oblique muscles

64
Q

Metencephalon structures

A

Body of the cerebellum and auricular lobes of the cerebellum

Coordinate skeletal muscle activity and integrate the activity with balance and body position from the inner ear

65
Q

Elongated region of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord is the ….

A

Medulla oblongata part of the myelencephalon

Contains vital centres controlling feeding, swallowing and respiratory rate and heart rate.

Contains 4th ventricle

66
Q

Cranial nerves associated with myelencephalon

A

Trigeminal (skin over head)
Abducens (lateral rectus muscle)
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus (visceral and lateral branch)

67
Q

There are how many pairs of cranial breezes in fish and amphibians?

How many in amniotes

A

10
12

68
Q

The cranial nerves originate from the ______ and most travel to structures in the _____

How are they labeled

A

Brain

Head

Roman numerals in the order they appear from cranial to caudal

69
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Olfactory nerve (1)

Takes sensory impulses from olfactory sac to olfactory bulb

70
Q

Optic nerve

A

Oltic nerve (2)

Takes impulses from the receptors of the retina to the diencephalon

Thick, whitish nerve

71
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Oculomotor nerve 3

Innervated 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

Thin, yellowish strand

72
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Trochlear nerve 4

Dorsal surface of eye (dorsal oblique muscle)

73
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve (5)

Branch 1: superficial ophthalmic branch
-skin over dorsal and lateral surface of head

Branch 2: Deep ophthalmic branch: skin over the top and sides of the head, sensory fibers from the eye

Branch 3: Maxillary branch: akin on underside of rostrum and upper jaw ( part of infra orbital nerve)

Branch 4: Mandibular branch: Mandibualr muscles as well as the skin on the lower jaw

Associated with Mandibular arch (visceral arch 1)

74
Q

Abducens nerve

A

Abducens nerve 6

Last to innervate eye muscles

Lateral rectus muscle

75
Q

Facial nerve

A

Facial nerve 7

Associates with hyoid arch, spiracle and lateral line in head region)

Branch 1: Superficial ophthalmic branch: Skin over dorsal and lateral head, lateral line, ampullae of Lorenzini

Branch 2: Infraoribital nerve (Buccal branch): lateral line and ampullae of Lorenzini over upper jaw and under rostrum

Branch 3: Hyomandibular branch: hyoid muscles, lining of mouth, lateral line organs on skin over lower jaw

76
Q

Vestibulocochear nerve

A

Vestibulocochealer nerve 8

Inner ear

77
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve 9

Branchial nerve of first full pouch (3rd visceral arch)

Branch 1: Pre-trematic branch: anterior wall of the first branchial pouch

Branch 2: post-termatic branch: caudal wall of the first branchial pouch

78
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Vagus nerve 10

Largest cranial nerve
-supplies branchial arches 4-7, the heart, and digestive system

Branch 1: Visceral Branch or intestinal branch (branchial branches 1-4 and branchial pocuhes 2-5
-travels down esophagus

Branch 2: Lateral branch: most of the lateral line canal

79
Q

Occipital and Hypobranchial nerves

A

Not cranial nerves!!!! They do not originate entirely within the cranial cavity

They emerge from the back of the chondrocranium below the vagus nerve

80
Q

Once the occipital nerves (2-3) and the first several spinal nerves are United they nerve is called…..

A

Hypobranchial nerve

Can be see in anterior cardinal sinus

81
Q

The hypobranchial nerve with its spinal and occipital branches is homologous to the __________ of amniotes

A

12th cranial nerve called the hypoglossal nerve

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

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