Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 2: Life In the Water Part 1 > Flashcards

Lab 2: Life In the Water Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Spiny dogfish scientific name

A

Squalus acanthias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Size of dogfish shark

A

Adult males reach one meter, females slightly larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aquatic vertebrates are characterized by having what type of body shape that allows them to slide easily through water with reduced resistance

A

Streamlined or fusiform shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Main areas of external body of shark

A

Head with branchial region

Trunk extending to cloacal aperture

Tail (caudal to cloaca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main organ of locomotion in sharks that provide the propulsive thrust for swimming

A

Caudal fin

Asymmetrical-most of the fin lies below the vertebral column. Making the lower lobe larger than the upper lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Shark caudal fins types are known as ……

A

Heterocercal - lower larger lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Placoid scales

What are they homologous to

A

Each scale consists of a basal plate embedded into the dermis of the skin and a sharp point protruding from the skin and pointing caudally, hence the skin feels roughy when you move your hand over it from tail to head.

Homologous to teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sharks colouring

A

Grey colour dorsally and lighter centrally. This is known as countershading.

Helps organism be less visible when viewed from below or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other fins on shark

A

Anterior dorsal fin
Posterior dorsal fin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are they called spiny dogfish sharks?

A

Each of the dorsal fins bears a spine on the anterior margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Life span of dogfish and how can you tell

A

25-30 years

Concentric rings laid down during growth of hard parts of scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pectoral fin function

Pelvic fin functions

A

Steering

Males-stuff, spined copulateit steuxures called claspers. These fins are supported by cartilaginous fin rays called ceratotrichia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sharks have what type of eye

Unique eyelids of sharks

A

Well developed lateral eyes

Immovable eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lateral at each corner of the mouth of sharks is a ________ which contains a _______ supported internally by a thin rod of ______

A

Labial pouch

Labial fold

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Teeth of dogfish sharks are modified…..

Teeth arrangement and function

A

Placoid scales, arranged in rows

First two are ones in use at any one time. The teeth are extremely sharp and replaced when worn by teeth from the back rows. Teeth are used for grasping and tearing prey, not chewing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

External nostrils of dogfish sharks are called ______. They are open on the ______ surface of the snout.

A

Nares

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does water enter and exit the nares of dogfish sharks

A

A flap of skin separates the opening into a medial excurrent and a lateral incurrent aperatue. Water flows into the incurrent aperature to the olfactory organ within, then out the excurrent aperture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The five external openings anterior to the pectoral fin are the ______

How are they separated

A

External hill slots

Strips of tissue unlike bony fish that have a common opening of the gills by an operculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spiracle

A

Caudal to the eye is a reduced gill slit

Spiracle valve is a flap of tissue that can cover this opening.

Water can enter the spiralled when the mouth is occupied with prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A reduced gill called the ______is present on the wall of the spiracular valve

A

Pseudobranch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patches of different pores on the dorsal and ventral head region belong to the _______ or ______

If you press on the skin of the head, what happens?

A

Ampullae

Lorenzini

Jelly-like fluid will exude from the press

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ampullae are ________ that can detect the small electric field around living organism and can sense the presence of prey even when it is not visible.

A

Sensory structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ampullae are derived from what sensory system and what does it do

A

Lateral line

Detects low frequency vibrations and imparts a sense of “distant touch” to fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The main canal of the lateral line system is located where?

A

On the lateral body surface and it’s position is indicated by a thin horizontal stripe along the side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cloaca of shark
-location and function

A

Centrally and recovers the products of the digestive system, urinary and reproductive systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Within the cloaca, a pointed structure, the ______ is visible

In males it is called the

In females it is called the

A

Papilla

Urogenital papilla because it receives ducts from both the urinary and reproductive systems and Carrie’s both urine and sperm

Urinary papilla because it only receives urine.

Substances are discharged from the small pore at the tip of the papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The anus, the opening of the digestive system into the cloaca, enters the cloaca _______ to the papilla

A

Cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A pair of _______ are located on the lateral edge of the cloaca in both sexes. These pores are though to be an outlet for excess coelomic fluid

A

Abdominal pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

There are two Basic types of bone found in the vertebrate skeleton:

A

Dermal bone

Endochondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Endochondral bone and dermal bone starts

A

Starts out as cartilage in the embryo. The cartilage provides an exact blueprint to gradually be replaced by bone.

Dermal bone forms dermis of the skin and is superficial. Dermal bone never begins as cartilage, instead, bone cells accumulate directly in the dermis. (Bony scales of fish, turtles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The _____skeleton is lacking in the shark. The endoskeleton is completely cartilaginous and is never converted to bone as it is in other vertebrates

A

Dermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The endoskeleton is divided into the _____ and _____ skeletons

A

Visceral (inner tube)
-branchial or hill arches and their derivatives in aquatic vertebrates. Middle ear bones, tongue supports and larynx/trachea in lab animals.

Somatic (outer tube)
-divided into
axial skeleton
-skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

And

appendicular skeleton
-pectoral
-pelvic
-associated limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why is the skull or Squalus not typical of most fish?

A

It is cartilaginous and does not illustrate the ancestral condition of a heavy covering of dermal bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the dermal bones in Amia calva (bowfin fish)

Dermal head skeleton

A

Chondricranium surrounding the brain

Visceral skeleton

Dermal bones

These become United and in distinct in a number of animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Basic elements of the chondrocranium (part of the endoskeleton)

A

Basal plate and ethmoid plate

Ethmoid plate extends between the nasal sac

The optic capsule surround each inter ear and a nasal capsule surrounds each nasal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The chondrocranium is part of which skeleton system

A

Endoskeleton

Axial division of the somatic skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Rostrum

A

Hollow trough at the anterior end of the chondrocranium. The cavity within it is the precerebral cavity that is filled with a gelatinous substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Series of small foramina (holes) in the supraoribtal crest are the __________ through which branches of the superficial __________ nerves pass

A

Superficial ophthalmic foramina

Ophthalmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Foramen magnum

Rounded bulbs on either side of it are what?

A

Large hole in the occipital region of the chondrocranium through which the spinal cord passes

Occipital condyles that articulate with the first trunk vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cranial cavity

A

The cavity in which the brain lies in the chondrocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The wide flats floor between the optic capsules at the posterior end of the chondrocranium is the _____

A

Basal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Optic foramen

A

Opening for the passage of cranial nerves in the region of the orbit

Large opening in the anterior ventral wall - passage of the optic nerve from the retina on its way to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Trigeminofacial foramen

A

Posterior in the orbit, allows passage of the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves

44
Q

Arches that support the jaws and gills are composed of ______ in dogfish and cartilage replaced by bone in _____

A

Cartilage

Bony fish

45
Q

There are 7 visceral arches that are loosely starched to the axial skeleton:

A
  1. Jaws or Mandibular arch
  2. Hyoid arch
    3-7. Branchial arches (1-5)
46
Q

Mandibular arch (Jaws)

-consists of…
-upper jaw on each side is formed from a…., and lower jaw from the ….

Cartilages from each side of the upper and lower jaws have fused in the ____

A

Upper and lower jaw

Palatoquadrate cartilage
Mandibular cartilage

Midline

47
Q

Both shark jaws bear _______ that are similar in their triangular shape (homodont) and are loosely attached to the _____ overlying the jaws

By contrast, bony fish have what shaped teeth and where are they attached

A

Teeth
Skin

Cone-shaped homodont teeth
Different type of attachment

48
Q

Each palatoquadrate cartilage bears two processes:

A

Anterior process is the original process which projects up from the upper jaw into the orbit. The orbital processes on each side prevent lateral slipping of the jaws.

Posterior to this, at the angle of the jaw where the upper and lower jaws meet (jaw joint) is the adductor Mandibular process where the adductor Mandibular muscles attaches.

49
Q

The Lower jaw consists of two fused ______ cartilages

A

Mandibular

Small labial cartilages appear on the lateral surface of the jaws

50
Q

Hyoid arch function and type of jaw suspension

A

Modified to support the jaws

Hypstylic type of jaw suspension- allows some movement. In relation to the skull and permits forward protrusion of the jaws to assist in prey capture. Since the jaws are not tightly fused to the skull, the shark can protrude the jaws away from the head to be able to pick up benthic food items from the sea bottom or grape prey and allow deeper penetration of the jaws into larger prey.

51
Q

3 major elements of the hyoid arch

A

Basihyal-single mid ventral element

Ceratohyal-extends from basilhyal to where the upper and lower jaws meet)

Hyomandibula-against the toxic capsule of the chondrocranium

52
Q

Hyomandibula function

A

Major structure supporting the jaws

Can increase the size of the gape by swinging the hyomandibula laterally and anteriorly to force apart the two jaw joints, increase the volume of the oral cavity and create a small amount of suction.

53
Q

The main elements of the branchial arches that support the hill tissue are the ______ and ______

A

Cerato and epibranchials

54
Q

Long, thin cartilaginous ______ project laterally from the cerato- and epibranchials to support the full tissue located on the inter branchial septae

A

Gill rays

55
Q

Smaller, slime like processes called ________ project from the medial side of the ceratobranchials and epibranchials

A

Gill rakers

Prevent foreign materials from entering the gill pouch and damaging the delicate full tissue

56
Q

The dermal Skelton is not present at all in ________

A

Cartilaginous fish

Thick cover of bone over the jaws and chondrocranium

57
Q

Dermal roof series location on Amia

A

Covers the top of the head and has openings for the nares, orbits and a gap between the cheek region and the jaws.

58
Q

Parasphenoid series in Amia

A

Midline of the root of the palate and bears numerous minute teeth

59
Q

Palatial series in Amia

A

Lateral to parasphenoid series

Also bears teeth and which forms much of the roof of the mouth

60
Q

The palatoquadrate cartilage of the upper jaw and the Mandibular cartilage of the lower jaw are present in the embryo of bony fish but only the ________ parts ossify (become bone) in the adult where they are known as the ______ and _____ bones

These two bones form the _______ in all jawed vertebrates

A

Caudal
Quadrate
Articulate

Jaw joint

61
Q

Lower jaw series

A

Dermal bone covering the lateral and medial surfaces of the jaw

62
Q

The vote visceral arches are covered by the _________ that lies caudal to the jaws and centrally by the _____ series

A

Opercular

Gular

63
Q

Pectoral series covers what in Amia

A

Endochondral bone of the pectoral girdle

64
Q

List the Dermal bone series in Amia

A

Dental roof
Parasphenoid

Palatal
Lower jaw
Opercular
Pectoral
Gular

65
Q

Which skeletal system are vertebrae apart of ?

A

Somatic axial

66
Q

Function of vertebrae

A

Provide flexibility of the trunk, support for the main axis of the body and they protect the spinal cord

67
Q

Two types of vertebrae in fish:

A

Trunk
Caudal

68
Q

The dorsal arch of cartilage surrounding the spinal cord is the _______

The spinal cord lies within the ______and is protect by the vertebral arch

A

Vertebral arch (neural arch)

Neural cavity

69
Q

Where do ribs attach

A

Short processes on the ventrolateral border of each centrum (vertebral body) are the basapophyses or transverse processeses

(Trunk vertebrae)

70
Q

_________vertebrae have a centrum and a vertebral canal but lack _________

A

Basopophyses

71
Q

The arches of cartilage projecting vebtrally from the centrum of caudal vertebrae are known as _______

What does it do

A

Hemal arches

Protects the hemal canal and vein that are contained within a hemal canal.

72
Q

Inter muscular and subperioneal rib differentiation

A

Ribs Lie between the two major dorsal and ventral groups of body musculature (Dog fish)

Ribs Lie beneath the body musculature next to the coelom

73
Q

What supports the two dorsal fins?

A

Cartilage known as pterygiophores

Ones closest to the vertebral column are the basal pterygiophores and those more distal are the radial pterygiophores

The fibrous rays supporting the actual fin are known as ceratotrichia

74
Q

The girdle that supports the pectoral fin is formed by a U-shaped cartilage called the _______. This is separated further….

A

Scapulocoracoid

Ventral portion of U is called the Coracoid bar.

Dorsal to Coracoid bar on both sides is the scapular process to which the fins are attached at the glenoid surface.

Suprascapular cartilage is attarched to the scapular process dorsally.

75
Q

The skeleton of the fin of dogfish consists of what cartilages from cranial to caudal. All together they are known as?

A

Propterygium
Mesopterygium
Metapterygium

Basal pterygiophores

76
Q

The scalulocoracoid of the shark represents the Endoskeleton portion of the _____

A

Girdle

77
Q

The main portion of the dermal girdle in Amia is….

Other portions are…

A

Cleithrum

Supracleithrum
Post temporal bone
Postclekthrum

78
Q

What are the parts of the pelvic girdle

A

Puboischiadic bar
Iliac process

Metapteryogium (main fin support)
Acetabular surface
Propterygium

79
Q

Male dogfish claspers

A

Formed from modified radial pterygiophores in the pelvic girdle

80
Q

Three types of muscles in vertebrates and their location and presence or lack of voluntary control.

A

Skeletal (striated or voluntary) (attached to bone and causes bones to move)

Smooth (walls of digestive organs, blood vessels, autonomic nervous system control)

Cardiac (only in walls of heart, not voluntary)

81
Q

Skeletal muscle can be divided into what two ways

A

Somatic (on axial skeleton and appendages)

Branchiomeric (branchial) on visceral muscles attarched to visceral skeleton associated with gill arches and derivatives

82
Q

In fish, the vast majority of muscle mass is ________ which do what

A

Axial musculature

Create lateral undulations to move forward

83
Q

Origin and insertion of muscles

A

Muscle where it attaches to skeleton and moved the least (proximal)

Point of attachment that moves the most (distal)

84
Q

At each end of a muscle, the connective tissue forms a _______ which attaches to a specific bone sit

Most ______ are long but some are flat sheets called _____

A

Tendon

Tendons

Aponeuroses

85
Q

The connective tissue of the tendon is continuous with the connective tissue sheath that surrounded the bundles of muscles fibres known as _____

A

Fascia

86
Q

Flexion

A

Reduced the angle between two body parts
Ex: bicep flexes the forearm by bringing it closer to the upper arm

87
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between two body parts

Triceps straighten the forearm

88
Q

Abduction

A

Draws a body part away from the midline

Ex: moving arm out from the body to the side

89
Q

Adduction

A

Draws a body party toward the midline

Ex: moving your arm in from lateral to medial, close to the side of the body

90
Q

Rotation

A

A circular movement about a long axis

Ex: when you shake your head “non”

91
Q

Protraction and retraction

A

Forward and backward movement of a limb during walking in a tetrapod

92
Q

Supination and pronation

A

Rotational movements of the hand

Turning hand so the palm faces up

Turning hand so the palm faces down

93
Q

Muscles that perform the same action are known as

Muscles that perform the opposite action are called

A

Synergists

Antagonists (tricep and bicep)

94
Q

Why is a shark so difficult to skin?

A

Connective tissue in the dermis of the skin attaches deeply into the muscles

It can be continually cut with a scalpel to sever the numerous connection between the skin and muscle layers

95
Q

What separates the epaxial (dorsal) and hypaxial (ventral) muscles

A

Horizontal skeletogenous septum

96
Q

The axial muscles consist of numerous segments called ______ separated by connective tissue called ______

A

Myomeres

Myosepta

97
Q

Lines alba

A

Ventral surface of the shark

Junction of myomeres from opposite sides form a distinct line of whitish connective tissue

98
Q

Dogfish utilize the Anguillliform mode of locomotion which means …..

A

They produce large waves of contraction that involve most of the length of the trunk and tail

The waves increase in amplitude as they pass down the length of the body to the tail where the waves are largest and produce most thrust

99
Q

How does tight skin help the shark swim?

A

Adheres tightly to the muscle below and helps to transmit the force of muscle contractions to the tail by acting as an exotendon!!!

100
Q

Hypobranchial muscles are a forward extension of the _______ muscles but are more highly modified than the ______

A

Hypaxial muscles

Epibranchial muscles

101
Q

Hypobranchial muscles and their function

A

Coracoarcual
Coracomandibular
Coracohyoid
Coracobranchials

Depress floor of oral cavity and pharynx. Expands the oral cavity during feeding and inspiration.

102
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Secreted hormones such as thyroxin which stimulated growth, metabolism, and in mammals heat production.

103
Q

The rectum cervicis is made up by

A

Coracoarculas
Coracohyoids

104
Q

Function of the paired fins are accomplished by what two major antagonistic muscles?

A

Dorsal Abductor (elevates fin and pulls it caudally) and ventral adductor (brings fin cranially)

105
Q

Muscles controlling the pelvic fin

A

Pelvic abductor (dorsal) -elevates the fin

Pelvic adductor (ventral) - depress the fin

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions