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lab for vertebrates > Life on Land Part 2 > Flashcards

Life on Land Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Salivary glands and their locations

A

Parotid gland-below external ear
Submandibular gland-angle of the jaw
Sublingual gland-anterior to submandibular

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2
Q

Sternomastoid

A

Neck muscle

Wide, flat muscle that extends from the cranial end of the sternum to the side of the skull.

Together, the two sternomastoid muscles forms a c-shaped muscular collar at the base of the throat.

They act to turn the head

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3
Q

Where did the sternomastoid derive from

A

Primitive Cucullaris

In shark-pectoral fin up
In necturus-moving acapula
In mammals-turns head

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4
Q

Masseter

A

Large muscle mass located at each angle of the jaw, behind and below the eyes.

Elevates the mandible (jaw)

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5
Q

Temporalis

A

Muscle located above the eye and medial to the ear.

Elevates the jaw

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6
Q

The masseter and the temporalis evolved from what muscle in necturus

A

Adductor mandibulae

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7
Q

The superficial shoulder muscles and what they evolved from

A

Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
Clavotrapezius

Primitive Cucullaris

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8
Q

Clavotrapezius

A

Large muscle extending from the neck to the shoulder, and it is the most anterior of the trapezius group.

Acts to draw the scapula forward and dorsally

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9
Q

Acromiotrapezius

A

Thin, flat muscle extending from the middle of the back to the shoulder. It draws the scapular dorsally

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10
Q

Spinotrapezius

A

Located posterior to the Acromiotrapezius and is partly covered by it.

Draws the scapula dorsally

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11
Q

The hind limb of many mammals has been modified for ________

A

Rapid locomotion

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12
Q

2 Superficial medial thigh muscles of mammals

A

Sartorius: adducts and rotates the thigh

Gracilis: adduct the thigh

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13
Q

Hamstring muscles

A

Hamstrings lie posterior to the surface of the thigh.

Seminembranosus-large, thicker muscle lying deep to the gracilis. Divided throughout most of its length into 2 portions. Acts to extend the thigh.

Senitendinosus-Long, cylindrical muscle lies on the ventral border of the thigh. Flexes the leg.

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14
Q

Quadriceps femoris Complex muscles

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius

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15
Q

Rectus femoris

A

Largely covered by the sartorius and runs along the femur. Adducts the thigh

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16
Q

Vastus medialis

A

Arises from the femur, extends the leg

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17
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

Extends the leg

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18
Q

Vastus intermedius action

A

Extends the leg

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19
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Large calf muscle

Has two heads of origin that unite into a common muscle mass that ends with the strong calcaneal tendon of Achilles.

Extends the foot-running and walking

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20
Q

What is the strongest and largest tendon in the human body

A

Achilles tendon

Common sports injury due to high amount of pressure placed on it

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21
Q

Major difference observed to form the mammalian brain from the shark brain

A

Overgrowth of the telencephalon to from the marge cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

How many cranial nerves does the amniote brain have

A

12 pairs

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23
Q

When the brain is removed from the skull, the outermost meninx ________ is usually left behind

A

Dura mater

Except in the vicinity of the pituitary gland where it appears as a tough white layer

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24
Q

Membranes of the brain

A

Dura mater
Meninges
Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space

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25
Q

Subarachnoid space is filled with what?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid to help cushion the brain

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26
Q

Parts of the mammalian telecephalon

A

-Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum together)
-gyri and sulci
-corpus callosum: white band of fibers that connect two hemispheres
-fornix
-fissure if Sylvius divided hemispheres into frontal and temporal lobes
-olfactory lobes (1) and olfactory tracts

27
Q

The olfactory lives are sometimes treated as a separate region of the brain, known as ________. What does it do

A

The rhinencephalon

Revives the neurons from the olfactory epithelium which in mammals is housed on the turbinates of the ethmoid bone (Nasal conchae)

28
Q

The entire superficial area of the cerebral hemispheres is an innovation and is termed the ______

A

Neopallium

Major integrating area of the brain

29
Q

White and grey matter positions in amniotes and mammals

A

Grey matter is primarily internal

Grey matter to an external position-unlimited growth opportunity

30
Q

Diencephalon parts of mammals

A

-Epithalamus (third ventricle)
-Pineal body (epiphysis)-endocrine effect on sexual development
-hypothalamus
-Optic chiasma (2)
-infundibulum suspends the hypophysis or pituitary gland
-lamina terminalis
-Anterior commissure connects to halves of diencephalon
-intermediate mass
-thalamus

31
Q

Thalamus function and location

A

Lateral walls of diencephalon

Relay network between the cerebral hemispheres and the rest of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves

32
Q

Hypothalamus with optic chiasma and hypophysis function

A

associative and integrating center for such visceral and autonomic functions as temperature control, sleep, breathing, eating, and water balance

33
Q

Parts of the Mesencephalon

A

-Cerebral Peduncles with Oculomotor nerves (3)
-4 swellings: corpora quadrigemina (colliculi), paired trochlea r nerves (4)
-cerebral aqueduct

34
Q

Cerebral aqua-duct

A

Connects the third and fourth ventricles

Parts of mesencephalon

35
Q

The colliculi function

A

All that remain of optic lobes in mammals

Important in auditory and visual functions

36
Q

Metencephalon parts

A

-Cerebrellum
-Vermis (divides two hemispheres)
-Arbor vitae (white mass within cerebellum)
-Pons: posterior to medulla oblongata
-trigeminal nerves (5) arise from pons

37
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Center of motor coordination and equilibrium functions

38
Q

Myelenchephalon oarts

A

-Medulla oblongata
-abducens (6)
-facial (7)
-vestibulocochlear (8)
-glossopharyngeal (9)
-vagus (10)

39
Q

New cranial nerves in mammals

A

Spinal accessory nerve (11)
-Supply certain neck and shoulder muscles. Origin nerve vagus nerve. Evolved from part of vagus.

Hypoglossal nerve (12)
-arises from ventral aspect of the medulla and innervates the muscles of the tongue and neck. Evolved from the hypobranchial nerve

40
Q

Tela choroidea

Choroid Plexus

A

Roof of medulla

Together overlies the fourth ventricle of the brain.

41
Q

Medulla serves as a relay station between the ______ and the ______

What does it not do….

A

Cerebrum

Rest of the body

Many reflexes are handles between its nuclei- breathing, swallowing and rate of heartbeat.

42
Q

The body cavity or coelom of the car is divided into 4 separate compartments:

A

The diaphragm divides the coelom into an anterior Thoracic cavity and a posterior abdominal cavity.

Thoracic cavity is divided into 3 smaller cavities: two are the pleural cavities each containing a lung. The third is the mediastinum which is the midline region between the pleural cavities. It contains the hearts and great blood vessels that enter and leave the heart.

43
Q

The most obvious advancement we see in mammalian digestive system is the evolution of _________

A

Salivary glands

Food is manipulated within the mouth and broken down by teeth so the salivary glands act to moisten food and provide the initial chemical breakdown of starch and disaccharides via the enzyme amylase

Parotid gland and parotid duct

Sub maxillary gland

Sublingual gland

44
Q

The first part of the sublingual duct is overlapped by the ________

A

Lymph nodes

45
Q

Cat Stomach and parts

A

Pear-shaped and continuous with the esophagus

-Pylorus
-pylori’s sphincter (opening to small intestine)
-greater curvature
-lesser curvature

46
Q

Cat small intestine parts

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

47
Q

The ileum ends at the junction with the __________

A

Large intestine (colon)

48
Q

Cat large intestine parts

A

-cecum: larger in herbivores (ruminate with microorganisms)
-ascending Colon
-transverse Colon
-descending Colon
-rectum (opens to outside via anus)

49
Q

Land vs water comparison-The Intestine

A

Shark-short intestine with spiral valve

Mammals-Longer intestine and needs to be folded over and over. Increased length allows for larger surface area for absorption. Finger-like projections in the gut wall known as villi also increase surface area for absorption.

50
Q

Cat liver

A

-divided into right and left lives by a ligament, and each lobe is divided into a large lateral lobe and a small medial lobe .
-Small Quadrate love between the left medial and right medial lobes

-small triangle caudate lobe CNS be seen next to the right lateral lobe when you love the liver up.

Functions: store excess sugar, detoxifying harmful substances

51
Q

The narrow end of the Gallbladder opens into the _____

A

Cystic duct

52
Q

The ________ ducts from the liver join with the cystic ducts to form the ________

A

Hepatic

Common bile duct: delivers bile to the duodenum near the pyloric sphincter

53
Q

Pancreas

A

Flat, elongated gland that bends sharply near its middle.

Consists of a body dorsal to the pyloric portion of the stomach and a head that lies concavity to the duodenum

Secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine to break down carbs, fat, and protein. Also secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.

54
Q

Spleen

A

Reddish-brown lymphatic organ

Production, degradation and storage of blood cells

55
Q

Epiglottis

A

New structure in mammals that closes over the glottis during swallowing

56
Q

The partition separating the oral and nasal cavities is the _______

A

Palate consisting of the hard palate supported by bone and the soft palate without bone support

The mucosal surface of the hard palate there is a number of transverse ridges called palatine rugae.

Palatine tonsils near end of soft palate

57
Q

The pharynx is the chamber that is common to both the _____ and _______ systems

What are its parts

A

Digestive
Respiratory

-Nasopharynx
-Ostium of the auditory tube (communicated with middle ear)
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
-glottis (opening into the larynx that is guarded by a small flap of cartilage use called the epiglottis.

58
Q

Larynx

A

Cartilaginous expansion of the draining end of the trachea near the base of the tongue that contains vocal cords.

59
Q

Cat Tongue

A

Large, muscular organ in mammals that evolved from hypobranchial musculature. It is mobile and attached to the floor of the mouth by a frenulum. Dorsal portion is covered by small bumps called papillae that are rough

60
Q

Papillae of the cat tongue
-shape
-number
-location

A

Filiform-conical, most numerous, middle of dorsum

Fungiform-mushroom, numerous, behind filifroms

Vallate-castle, about 12, near root

Foliate-Broad, Few, Root region

61
Q

Trachea

A

Bifurcates into the bronchi

Easily identified by a series of C-shaped tracheal cartilages which serve to strengthen its walls.

62
Q

The Bronchi are supported by __________

A

A series of incomplete cartilages and undergo many subdivisions within the substance of the lung.

63
Q

Cat Lung

A

Spongy organs in which respiratory exchange takes place. They are enclosed in the pleural cavities and are covered by the visceral pleura, a serous membrane. The parietal pleura lines the pleural cavities.

Right lungs consists of 4 lines and the left lung has 3.

64
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome-shaped sheet of muscle that ventilates the lungs

lab for vertebrates (9 decks)

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