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pharmacology ii > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the endocrine system?

A

it’s composed of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers into the bloodstream

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2
Q

endocrine target organs

A

tissues/organs that hormones act upon

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3
Q

which glands in the endocrine system are responsible for sending signals?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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4
Q

what causes endocrine diseases?

A

hormone imbalances

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5
Q

negative feedback loop

A

more common, works in response to low or high levels of hormones

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6
Q

positive feedback loop

A

uncommon, occur when hormone levels continue to rise in response to stimuli

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7
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where it influences and regulates cellular activity/organ function

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8
Q

what are the two types of hormones?

A

endogenous= made by the body
exogenous= made outside of the body

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9
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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10
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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11
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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12
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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13
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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14
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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15
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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16
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone, treats diabetes insipidus, concentrates urine

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18
Q

desmopressin

A

synthetic form of vasopressin so structurally similar

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19
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates smooth muscle contraction and induces labor
affects the uterus and mammary glands
milk letdown hormone

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20
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

rare disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine caused by posterior pituitary gland’s failure to respond to ADH stimulation

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21
Q

insulin

A

promotes uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells, lowers blood glucose levels

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22
Q

glucagon

A

promotes breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose

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23
Q

diabetes mellitus types

A

type 1: lack of insulin
type 2: insufficient use of insulin

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24
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose

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25
Q

gluosuria

A

glucose in urine

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26
Q

insulin resistance

A

inefficient use of insulin

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27
Q

what are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?

A

increased appetite, weight loss, PUPD, cataracts

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28
Q

what species is diabetes mellitus more common in?

A

dogs especially obese females

29
Q

what is a hallmark sign of diabetes mellitus?

A

persistent fasting hyperglycemia

30
Q

what is important to know about cats with diabetes mellitus?

A

they can go into remission randomly

31
Q

how and when is insulin administered for animals with diabetes mellitus?

A

SQ administration twice a day with meals
you should do different shot locations so one area doesn’t develop scar tissue

32
Q

what are the adverse effects of insulin medication?

A

hypoglycemia and local reactions

33
Q

what are the signs of hypoglycemia?

A

lethargy, weakness, ataxia, potentially seizures

34
Q

what are the insulin drugs approved for vet use?

A

vetsulin: porcine zinc insulin, mainly used for dogs
prozinc: formulated with protamine and zinc, mainly used for cats

35
Q

what are human-approved insulins that are sometimes used for dogs and cats?

A

neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, insulin Glargine (commonly used for cats), and insulin Detemir

36
Q

what are some short-acting insulins?

A

only used for emergencies
administered IV, IM, or SQ
Humulin-R and Novolin-R

37
Q

what two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

38
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck near the larynx

39
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficiency of thyroid hormone
more common in dogs

40
Q

how can hypothyroidism be diagnosed?

A

total T4 blood test or thyroid stimulation test

41
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

A

decreased coat luster/alopecia, weight gain without an increased appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reproductive failure, skin more susceptible to disease

42
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive activity of thyroid gland
more common in cats

43
Q

how can hyperthyroidism be diagnosed?

A

a T4 or T3 blood test

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

weight loss despite increased appetite, increased thirst, increased stool production, restlessness, increased vocalizations, tachycardia

45
Q

how is hypothyroidism managed?

A

thyroid replacement therapy

46
Q

what drugs are used for thyroid replacement therapy?

A

Levothyroxine sodium (synthetic form of T4)
Liothyronine sodium (synthetic form of T3)

47
Q

how is hyperthyroidism managed?

A

inhibiting thyroid hormone production and may be followed by destroying/removing the thyroid gland

48
Q

what drugs are used to manage hyperthyroidism?

A

Methimazole (anti-thyroid drug)
radioactive isotopes of iodine (destroys thyroid gland)

49
Q

what regulates the adrenal cortex and what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

the adrenal cortex is regulated by the hypothalamus (ACTH)
and it produces corticosteroids

50
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

51
Q

hypoadrenocorticism

A

adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison’s disease

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyporadrenocorticism?

A

nonspecific, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, PUPD

53
Q

hyperadrenocorticism

A

too much hormone
Cushing’s disease

54
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism?

A

PUPD, dull hair coat, thinning hair, potbelly appearance

55
Q

how is hypoadrenocorticism managed?

A

Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP): long-acting mineralocorticoid approved for dog use
glucocorticoids: Prednisone or Prednisolone, often given with DOCP
Fludrocortisone acetate: human-approved drug that can be used in animals

56
Q

how is hyperadrenocorticism managed?

A

Mitotane: destroys adrenal gland which decreases cortisol production
Trilostane: decreases production of adrenocortical hormones
Ketoconazole: antifugal drug that also blocks enzymes needed to produce steroid compounds

57
Q

gonads

A

produces germ cells

58
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

59
Q

what drugs are male hormone-like?

A

testosterone products and anabolic steroids

60
Q

which male hormone drugs are testosterone products?

A

Synovex H, Component E-H with Tylan
controlled drugs

61
Q

which male hormone drugs are anabolic steroids?

A

synthetic steroidal drugs with anabolic effects (promotion of muscle growth)
they have androgenic effects similar to testosterone
ex: Boldenone (Equipoise)- horses, Stanozolol (Winstrol-V)- horses, Einasteride- dogs

62
Q

what drugs are female hormone-like?

A

estrogens and progesterones

63
Q

which female hormone drugs are estrogen products?

A

Estriol (incurin): synthetic estrogen product that treats urinary incontinence/urine leakage

64
Q

which female hormone drugs are progesterone products?

A

Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Altrenogest (Regu-Mate, Altren, Ovamed)
Melengesterol acetate (MGA): synthetic progesterone

65
Q

prostaglandins

A

occur naturally in the body and there are 6 different classes (classified as A-F)

66
Q

what do prostaglandin drugs do?

A

synchronize estrus, treat pyometra, cause abortions, induce pig parturition

67
Q

which species are prostaglandin drugs used on?

A

large animals

68
Q

what are some examples of prostaglandin drugs?

A

Dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse)
Cloprostenol sodium (Estrumate, estroPLAN)

69
Q

what do gonadotropins do?

A

stimulate gonads to release LH and FSH

pharmacology ii (14 decks)

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