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Pharmacology II > Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two chambers that the eyes are divided into?

A

aqueous and vitreous chambers
aqueous chamber contains watery aqueous humor
vitreous chamber contains gelatinous vitreous body

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2
Q

globe

A

multi-layered sphere that makes up the majority of the eye

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3
Q

sclera

A

outer layer of the globe

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4
Q

cornea

A

transparent anterior portion of the sclera

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5
Q

choroid

A

middle layer of the globe
contains iris, pupil, lens, and ciliary body

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6
Q

iris

A

pigmented, helps regulate the amount of light entering the pupil

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7
Q

pupil

A

circular opening in the center of the iris

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8
Q

lens

A

clear, flexible, curved capsule behind the iris/pupil
responsible for focusing

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9
Q

ciliary body

A

extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation of the lens

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10
Q

uvea

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

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11
Q

retina

A

inner layer of the globe
receives images
contains rods and cones that convert visual images into nerve impulses that travel to the brain through the optic nerve

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12
Q

functions of ophthalmic drugs

A

treat infections, reduce inflammation, decrease pain, dilate/constrict pupil, decrease intraocular pressure, increase eye lubrication

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13
Q

how do ophthalmic drugs work?

A

topicals penetrate the cornea by diffusion and tend to be absorbed into the anterior chamber
water soluble drugs: penetrate cornea and reach their target tissue through the blood
lipid soluble drugs: penetrate the corneal epithelium and reach target tissue by diffusion

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14
Q

diagnostic drugs

A

used to locate lesions/foreign objects in the eye

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15
Q

topical anesthetics

A

numbs eyes
effective in 5-10 minutes
lasts up to 2 hours
store in fridge away from light
ex: Proparacaine, Hydrochloride, Tetracaine hydrochloride

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16
Q

Fluorescein sodium

A

diagnostic drug
aka Fluorescein stain
detects corneal abrasions, ulcers, foreign bodies
stain will appear in nasal secretions too

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17
Q

Schirmer tear test strips

A

diagnostic drug
used to diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
blue dye released when they become wet and held in eye for 1 minute
only used in dogs
< 10mm/min = KCS

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18
Q

mydriatic drugs function

A

pupil opening/dilating
used along or in combination with cycloplegics (which paralyze ciliary muscles that control lens shape) and decrease pain
used to reduce inflammation, as pre-op for ocular surgery, to sever or prevent adhesions between iris and lens

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19
Q

Atropine

A

anticholinergic mydriatic drug
produces mydriasis and cycloplegia
treats acute inflammation of anterior uvea
peak effect: 30-40 minutes for mydriasis, 1-3 hours for cycloplegia
contraindictions: glaucoma, KCS

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20
Q

Homatropine, Isopto Homatropine, Homatropine Ophthalmic

A

anticholinergic mydriatic drugs
produces mydriasis and cycloplegia
used for eye exams
treats uveitis
faster onset and shorter duration than Atropine

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21
Q

Phenylephrine

A

direct-acting alpha-1 sympathomimetic mydriatic drug
produces mydriasis only
used to dilate pupils prior to cataract removal
evaluates Horner’s Syndrome
causes local vasoconstriction

22
Q

Tropicamide

A

acetylcholine receptor blocker mydriatic drug
used for fundic exam
rapid onset and short duration
slight cycloplegia effect
contraindications: glaucoma, KCS

23
Q

miotic drug functions

A

pupil closing/constricting drugs
cholinergics
used to treat open-angle glaucoma by lifting the iris away from the filtration angle area to allow aqueous humor to flow out

24
Q

Pilocarpine

A

topical cholinergic miotic drug
onset: 10-30 minutes
duration: 4-8 hours

25
Q

primary glaucoma

A

acquired structural defect

26
Q

secondary glaucoma

A

ocular disease or trauma

27
Q

congenital glaucoma

A

genetic defect

28
Q

Prostaglandins

A

topical pressure reducing drugs
increase outflow of aqueous humor
Latantoprost: causes miosis, store in fridge
other ex: Bimatoprost, Travoprost

29
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) functions

A

inhibit enzyme systems involved in the production of aqueous humor which decreases aqueous humor formation
oral or parenteral
takes 4-5 days to reach maximum effects
topical CAIs: Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide
systemic CAIs: Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamid, Methazolamide

30
Q

Beta-adnergic blockers

A

pressure reducing drugs
decrease aqueous humor production
sympatholytic drugs
caution with cardio patients
treats primary glaucoma
-lol

31
Q

Alpha-adnergic agonists

A

pressure reducing drugs
reduce aqueous humor secretion
sympathomimetic drugs
typically combined with other drugs
ex: Apraclonidine, Brimonidine

32
Q

Osmotic diuretics

A

pressure reducing drugs
promotes release of water from tissues
used before surgery or as an ER treatment for glaucoma
given IV
ex: Mannitol

33
Q

Dry eye correcting drug functions

A

treats KCS

34
Q

pressure reducing drug functions

A

treats glaucoma

35
Q

keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

A

decreased tear production resulting in persistent mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal scarring and ulceration
thought to be immune related
use of Sulfonamides may cause

36
Q

Immunomodulating drug functions

A

dry eye correcting drugs
decrease immune response to a desired level

37
Q

Cyclosporine (Optimmune)

A

immunomodulating dry eye correcting drug
interferes with interleukin production by T lymphocytes, stops local inflammation, improves tear production
local, no systemic absorption

38
Q

Tacrolimus

A

immunomodulating dry eye correcting drug
used in cyclosporine-resistant cases of KCS
compounded to an ophthalmic aqueous suspension
used extra-label in vet

39
Q

Lacrimogenic drug functions

A

increase tear production by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system

40
Q

Pilocarpine

A

lacrimogenic dry eye correcting drug
formerly used topical and oral

41
Q

Artificial tears

A

lacrimogenic dry eye correcting drug
isotonic solution, pH buffered, lubricant for dry eyes, OTC

42
Q

antibiotic-glucocorticoid preparations

A

lacriomogenic dry eye correcting drug
treats bacterial infections, decreases inflammation due to KCS
only use if there aren’t any corneal ulcers

43
Q

topical antibacterial agents

A

used to treat bacterial infections, decrease inflammation of the eye, and relieve allergic conditions
ex: triple antibiotic ointments (Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin B)

44
Q

topical agents with steroids

A

typical antibiotic + glucocorticoid
only use if there aren’t any corneal ulcers
common steroids used: Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone

45
Q

common ear issues

A

infection/infestation (bacteria, yeast, mites), trauma (ear hematoma), allergies (inflammation, itching)

46
Q

what is the key to controlling otitis?

A

determine the primary cause
perform a physical exam with otoscope and check tympanic membrane
perform diagnostic testing: ear cytology (yeast vs bacteria) and ear culture (antibiotic resistant?)

47
Q

otic drug classes

A

class 1: topical antifungals
class 2a: topical antibiotics
class 2b: topical antibiotics (long-acting)
class 3: antiparasitics

48
Q

class 1 otic drugs

A

topical antifungals
used to treat yeast infections
-azole drugs
ex: Nystatin
super common ones: Clotrimazole, Thiabendazole

49
Q

class 2a otic drugs

A

topical antibiotics
can be combined with steroids
some are the same as antifungals and can treat both
some are ototoxic (= harmful to inner ear)
ex: Gentamicin (ototoxic), Neomycin (ototoxic), Thiostrepeon (ototoxic), Enrofloxacin, Orbifloxacin

50
Q

class 2b otic drugs

A

topical antibiotics (long-acting)
meds applied once or twice and last long term
clients instructed not to clean/medicate at home after leave in med is applied
ex: Florfenicol (can treat yeast as well)
glucocorticoids sometimes used with antibacterials/antifungals to reduce inflammation (ex: Fluocinolone, Mometasome, -sone/-lone)

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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