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Pharmacology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system function

A

brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery to the cells via the blood

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2
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

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3
Q

ventilation

A

bringing of fresh air into the lungs

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4
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

nostrils, nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx

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5
Q

what lines the upper respiratory tract?

A

epithelial cells containing cilia and goblet cells

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6
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus which traps foreign particles that are then moved out of the respiratory tract via cilia movement

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7
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
bronchioles are lined with smooth muscles which allows them to constrict and dilate

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8
Q

alveoli

A

small, terminal, saclike structures where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across a thin membrane

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9
Q

upper respiratory tract conditions

A

mainly caused by infectious agents
CS: coughing, sneezing, congestion

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10
Q

lower respiratory tract conditions

A

asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, recurrent airway obstruction (ROA)

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11
Q

productive cough

A

expels mucus and foreign material
don’t suppress

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12
Q

non-productive cough

A

doesn’t expel mucus or foreign material
ok to suppress
can become a productive cough

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13
Q

respiratory drugs function

A

work to keep airways open and gases moving efficiently

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14
Q

what types of drugs treat upper airway conditions?

A

expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, decongestants

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15
Q

what types of drugs treat lower airway conditions?

A

bronchodilators and antihistamines

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16
Q

what type of drug is used to enhance ventilation?

A

stimulants

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17
Q

what type of drug is used to treat infections?

A

antimicrobials

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18
Q

expectorants respiratory drugs

A

debris clearing
increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material such as pathogens and inflammatory debris to be coughed up from lungs, reduce stickiness of mucus

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19
Q

Guaifenesin

A

cough tablets
expectorant
used orally to increase secretions from the airway and clear it of fluid
used in horses as a muscle relaxant as part of anesthesia

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20
Q

mucolytics respiratory drugs

A

decrease the viscosity or thickness of respiratory secretions

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21
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

mucolytic
breaks up thick mucus secretions in the airway to promote better respiration
can be po, IV, or aerosol through nebulization

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22
Q

antitussives

A

suppress coughing
can be centrally or locally acting

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23
Q

centrally acting antitussives

A

work on cough centers of the brain

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24
Q

locally acting antitussives

A

soothes irritation that initiates cough
syrup or lozenges
not used often in vet

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25
Q

narcotic antitussives

A

Butorphanol, Hydrocodone, codeine

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26
Q

non-narcotic antitussives

A

Dextromethorphan, Trimeprazine and prednisolone combo

27
Q

Butorphanol

A

narcotic antitussive
opioid
controlled substance C-IV
injectable or oral tablets
FDA approved for dogs

28
Q

Hydrocodone

A

narcotic antitussive
opioid
controlled substance C-II
used for harsh, non-productive coughs
tablet and syrup forms
may contain anticholinergic drug homatropine (to discourage human abuse)
may contain acetaminphen

29
Q

codeine

A

narcotic antitussive
opioid
centrally acting
controlled substance C-II
may be combined with: Guaifenesin, aspirin, acetaminophen
injectable, syrup, and tablets

30
Q

Trimeprazine and prednisolone (Temaril-P)

A

non-narcotic antitussive
centrally acting antitussive and glucocorticoid combination
has antipruritic effects
tablet and spansules

31
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

non-narcotic antitussive
centrally acting
chemical similar to codeine
over the counter
may be used in combo with other drugs
syrup form
no evidence that it’s effective in vet

32
Q

decongestants

A

decrease swelling of nasal passages
forms: sprays, oral (liquid, tablet)
limited use in vet
have been used to treat feline upper respiratory tract disease

33
Q

Phenylephrine

A

decongestant
cardio stimulant properties
don’t use in hypertension or tachycardia patients

34
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A

decongestant
controlled substance C-IV
cardio stimulant properties
don’t use in hypertension or tachycardia patients
combined with pyrilamine maleate to treat ROA

35
Q

bronchodilators

A

widen the lumen of the bronchioles and counteract bronchoconstriction
decrease airway resistance and increase airflow

36
Q

beta-2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilators

A

relax smooth muscle
should not be used during gestation
Epinephrine, Isoproteronol, Terbutaline, Albuterol, Clenbuterol

37
Q

Methylxanthine bronchodilators

A

inhibit enzymes in smooth muscle cells resulting in bronchodilation
Aminophylline, Theophylline

38
Q

epinephrine bronchodilator

A

beta-2
short term effects
ER use
increases work of heart
produces bronchodilation
used in CPR
treats anaphylactic shock

39
Q

Isoproterenol

A

beta-2 bronchodilator
short term effects
ER use

40
Q

Terbutaline

A

beta-2 bronchodilator
selective, more respiratory effects than cardiac
po, IM, SQ in dogs and cats
IV in horses
used extra-label in dogs with bronchitis and cats with asthma

41
Q

albuterol

A

beta-2 bronchodilator
selective, more respiratory effects than cardiac
oral or inhaled with a metered dose inhaler
Torpex approved for use in horses with ROA
used extra-label in dogs with bronchitis and cats with asthma

42
Q

Clenbuterol

A

beta-2 bronchodilator
Ventipulmin: oral syrup approved for horses with airway obstructions
over time it has repartitioning effect in which body composition becomes more muscular and less fat (associated with weakness and decreased athletic performance)
abused to enhance horse muscles

43
Q

what other drug can methylxanthines not be given with?

A

fluoroquinolones

44
Q

Aminophylline

A

methylxanthine bronchodilator
metabolized into theophylline after administration
used for respiratory disease
not available in US

45
Q

Theophylline

A

methylxanthine bronchodilator
used for respiratory disease
extended release tablet

46
Q

what common foods are methylxanthines?

A

caffeine and theobromine (found in chocolate)

47
Q

antihistimines

A

block the effects of histamine

48
Q

histamine

A

chemical released from mast cells that combines with receptors on bronchiolar smooth muscle, increases heart rate, causes vasodilation, sedation, and inflammatory response

49
Q

Pyrilamine

A

antihistamine
combined with pseudoephedrine for treatment of ROA in horses

50
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Benadryl
most commonly used
fast acting
po, IM, IV

51
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A

antihistamine
longer onset of action

52
Q

respiratory stimulants

A

drugs that stimulate the animal to increase its ventilating activity

53
Q

Doxapram

A

respiratory stimulant
CNS stimulant
used in neonates to stimulate respiration after C-section or dystocia (can be administered through umbilical vein or sublingually)
approved for use in dogs, cats, and horses
used to restore reflexes after anesthesia
injectable

54
Q

feline asthma

A

chronic, noninfectious inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterized by intermittent airway obstruction and heightened airway sensitivity
triggered by allergens
CS: wheezing, dry hacking cough, can lead to open mouth breathing and dyspneas

55
Q

feline asthma

A

chronic, noninfectious inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterized by intermittent airway obstruction and heightened airway sensitivity
triggered by allergens
CS: wheezing, dry hacking cough, can lead to open mouth breathing and dyspnea

56
Q

asthma treatments

A

metered dose inhaler (MDI): albuterol, glucocorticoids (oral then inhaled), fluticasone
oral: prednisolone, terbutaline, albuterol, theophylline
adjunct therapies: cyroheptadine, cyclosporine (Atopica)

57
Q

equine RAO or heaves

A

chronic, noninfectious respiratory disease in which inflammation in the small airways of the lung leads to impaired ventilation secondary to chronic generalized bronchiolitis and destruction of airspaces

58
Q

horses at risk of RAO

A

seen often in horses in cold climates, horses kept in barns for prolonged periods of time, and horses kept where hay is moldy
other triggers: dust, pollens, chemicals, microorganisms

59
Q

clinical signs of RAO

A

coughing, tachypnea, labored breathing, yellow nasal discharge
severe signs: listlessness, dyspnea, muscular “heave line” along their barrel

60
Q

treatments of RAO

A

medical: prednisone, dexamethasone, clenbuterol, albuterol
other treatments: improving management practices (keep horses outside as much as possible, reduce dust, store hay in dry place away from horses, improve ventilation where horses are stabled

61
Q

infectious tracheobronchitis

A

kennel cough
caused by: bacterial infection (Bordetella bronchiseptica), viral infection
highly contagious, usually self limiting
CS: hacking, nonproductive cough

62
Q

infectious tracheobronchitis treatment

A

antimicrobial drugs in severe cases (Doxycycline)
opioids (Butorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone)

63
Q

bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

A

presents as lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia) caused by viral and/or bacterial pathogens
common and costly in beef cattle
seen in times of stress (such as during weaning or transport)

64
Q

bovine respiratory disease treatment

A

antibiotics with NSAIDs
Hexasol (oxytetracycline + flunixin meglumine)
ResFlor Gold (florfenicol + flunixin meglumine)

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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