Hormoner: generelt om hormoner og hormonelle kontrolsystemer Flashcards

1
Q

Autocrine

A

Celle udsender hormoner som dens egne receptorer opfanger

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2
Q

Paracrine

A

Celle udsender hormoner som opfanges af en nærtliggende celle

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3
Q

Endocrine

A

Celler i en del af kroppen udsender hormoner til blodet som så bliver overført til en anden del af kroppen og opfanget af celler der

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4
Q

De 7 klassiske endocrine kirtler, der producerer mange af kroppens vigtige hormoner

A
  • Hypofysen
  • Thyroidea (skjoldbruskkirtlen)
  • Parathyroidea
  • Testiklerne
  • Ovarierne
  • Binyrerne
  • Endokrin pankreas
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5
Q

Andre endokrine kirtler

A

Koglekirtlen (pineal body)
Brisselen (thymus gland)

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6
Q

Eksempler på endokrine væv, der ikke er egentlige kirtler. Og eksempel på hormon eller lignedne forbindelse

A
  • Centralnervesystemet (TRH, CRH, GHRH)
  • Mave-tarmkanalen (GLP-1, cholecystokinin)
  • Lever (IGF-1, FGF21)
  • Hjerte (ANP, BNP)
  • Nyre (EPO)
  • Knogle (FGF23, osteocalcin)
  • Skeletmuskel (IL-6, irisin)
  • Fedtvæv (Leptin, adiponectin, FGF21)
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7
Q

De tre primære typer af hormoner (hormonklasser)

A

Aminhormoner (aminosyre-afledte: Tyr, Trp, Phe)

Peptid- og proteinhormoner

Steroidhormoner (kolesterol-afledte)

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8
Q

Hormonstruktur og syntese af peptid- og proteinhormoner

A

Synthesis: preprohormone –> Prohormone

Packaging: Prohormone –> Hormone

Storage: Hormone

Secretion: Hormone (and any “pro” fragments)

Ex: Proinsulin –> Insulin + C-peptide

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9
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

A

Neurotransmitter og hormon

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10
Q

Epinephrine (adrenalin)

A

Hormon og medikament

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter og hormon

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12
Q

Steroidhormoner

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol

Cholesterol (er ikke et hormon)

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13
Q

Binyrernes hormoner

A

Cortex (binyrebarken):
- Zona glomerulosa: Aldosterone
- Zona fasciculata: Cortisol and small amount of androgens
- Zona reticularis: Androgens and small amount of cortisol

Medulla:
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

Peptides and catecholamines

A

Major form in plasma: Free (unbound) *

Location of receptors: Plasma membrane

Most common signaling mechanisms:
1) second messengers (cAMP, Ca+2, IP3)
2) Enzyme activation by receptor (JAK)
3) Intrinsic enzymatic activity of receptor (tyrosine autophosphorylation)

Rate of excretion/metabolism: fast (minutes)

  • En undtagelse er insulin-like growth factor (IGF), der cirkulerer bundet til IGF-binding proteins
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15
Q

Steroids and thyroid hormone

A

Major form in plasma: protein-bound

Location of receptors: Intracellular

Most common signaling mechanisms: Intracellular receptors directly alter gene transcription

Rate of excretion/metabolism: slow (hours to days)

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16
Q

Regulering af cirkulerende hormonniveauer

A

1)
Endocrine cell secretes hormone –> Hormone circulating in blood –> Excreted in urine or feces (clearance)

2)
Endocrine cell secretes hormone –> Hormone circulating in blood –> Inactivated by metabolism (clearance)

3)
Endocrine cell secretes hormone –> Hormone circulating in blood –> Target cells: bind to receptor and produce a cellular response

4)
Endocrine cell secretes hormone –> Hormone circulating in blood –> Activated by metabolism (Ex T4 -> T3) –> Target cells: bind to receptor and produce a cellular response

17
Q

Hormonel permissivitet og eksempel

A

Når hormon A er nødvendig for at opnå den fulde effekt af hormon B

Eksempel:
Thyroidea-hormon er nødvendig for at opnå den fulde effekt af adrenalin på lipolyse i fedtceller. Dette skyldes at T3 medfører en opregulering af receptorerne for adrenalin (beta-adrenerge receptorer)

18
Q

Input der direkte påvirker hormonsekretion

A

Ions or nutrients
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
–> Endocrine cell: alters rate of hormone secretion

19
Q

Eksempel på regulering ved næringsstoffer og ioner i plasma

A

Glukose og insulin

Ca+2 og parathyroidea-hormon

20
Q

Trofisk hormon

A

Et hormon som stimulerer sekretion af et andet hormon

21
Q

Hormonelt betingede sygdomme

A

Hyposekretion
- sekretion af for lidt hormon (type 1 diabetes/insulin)

Hypersekretion:
- sekretion af for meget hormon (graves sygdom/ T3/T4

Hormonresistens (hyporesponsiveness):
- Når en målcelle udviser et reduceret respons på et hormon (type 2 diabetes/insulin)

Hyperfølsomhed (hyperresponsivness)
- Når en målcelle udviser et forstærket respons på et hormon (hyperthyroidisme/adrenalin)

22
Q

Vigtigt at huske

A

1) De endokrine kirtler og deres hormoner
2) De tre primære hormonklasser
3) Reguleringen af cirkulerende hormonniveauer
4) De forskellige receptortyper
5) Hormoners permissivitet
6) Regulering af hormonel sekretion
7) Kategorier af hormonelt betingede sygdomme