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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is the study of body ___.

A

structure

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2
Q

Physiology is the study of body ___.

A

function

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3
Q

Homeostasis is the body in ___.

A

balance

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4
Q

True or False: Structure and function are closely related.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: Structure does not mirror function.

A

False

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

study of form and markings of the body surface, using visualization or palpation

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

the study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye

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8
Q

Does Surface Anatomy proceed through cutting?

A

NO

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9
Q

Does Gross Anatomy proceed through cutting?

A

YES

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10
Q

What are the two general approaches of Gross Anatomy?

A

Systemic and Reigonal

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11
Q

Systemic Approach of Gross Anatomy

A

study of one system at a time

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12
Q

Reigonal Approach of Gross Anatomy

A

study of all systems in one specific reigon

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13
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form

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14
Q

Embryology

A

a subcategory of Developmental Anatomy that studies conception to 8th week of gestation

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15
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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16
Q

Cytology

A

the study of individual cellular structures

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17
Q

Pathology

A

the study of anatomical changes due to disease

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18
Q

True or False: Pathologists use gross inspection, histology, cytology, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease.

A

True

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19
Q

Autopsy

A

a postmortem exam of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist

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20
Q

What are 4 reasons an autopsy is done?

A
  • determine cause of death
  • identify diseases not detected during life
  • determine extent of injuries and contribution to death
  • identify hereditary conditions
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21
Q

Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures?

A

physiology

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22
Q

What is the order of the levels of organization?

A

atomic , molecular , cellular , tissue , organ , system , organism

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23
Q

What is the regular blood glucose range?

A

70 - 100 mg

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24
Q

Homeostasis is a state of ____ in the body’s internal environment

A

equilibrium

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25
Q

Homeostasis is a dynamic condition that keeps body functions in the _____ compatible with maintaining life.

A

narrow range

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26
Q

Body Fluids

A

dilute solutions containing dissolved chemicals

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27
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

fluid within cells

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28
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

fluid outside cells

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29
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

ECF between cells and tissues

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30
Q

Blood Plasma

A

ECF within blood vessels

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31
Q

Lymph

A

ECF withing lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

ECF in the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

ECF in joints

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34
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

ECF in eyes

35
Q

True or False: Cellular function depends on regulating interstitial fluid.

A

True

36
Q

True or False: Composition does not change as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid.

A

False

37
Q

True or False: Interstitial Fluid provides nutrients to tissue cells and removes waste.

A

False

38
Q

What are three things that control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by?

A
  • physical insults
  • changes to internal environment
  • physiological stress
39
Q

What do intense or prolonged disruptions of homeostasis often result in?

A

disease or death

40
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
41
Q

Is the body monitored and re-monitored during a feedback system?

A

YES

42
Q

Each monitored variable in a feedback system is termed a _____.

A

controlled condition

43
Q

Receptor

A

monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center

44
Q

What is an example of a receptor on the human body?

A

specialized nerve endings in the skin act as temperature receptors

45
Q

Control Center

A

evaluates input received from receptors and generates an output command

46
Q

What is usually the control center?

A

the brain

47
Q

What are examples of output commands from the control center?

A

nerve impulses, hormones

48
Q

Effector

A

receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

49
Q

Can almost every organ or tissue serve as an effector?

A

YES

50
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition

51
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

A

regulation of blood pressure

52
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition

53
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback system?

A

normal child birth

54
Q

What are the steps of BP regulation in a negative feedback system?

A
  1. BP increases
  2. Baroreceptors (pressure receptors) detect higher BP and send nerve impulse to the brain
  3. Responses sent via nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels cause the BP to drop
55
Q

What are the steps of childbirth when it comes to a positive feedback system?

A
  1. Uterine contractions cause the vagina to open.
  2. Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulses to brain.
  3. Oxytocin is released into the blood.
  4. Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus.
  5. Cycle continues until birth of the baby.
56
Q

Anatomical Position

A

head is level , feet is flat on the floor directed forward, arms at their sides with palms forward

57
Q

Superior

A

above, top, toward head

58
Q

Inferior

A

below, bottom, away from head

59
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

toward the front

60
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

toward the back

61
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

62
Q

Lateral

A

away from midline

63
Q

Intermediate

A

between medial and lateral

64
Q

Proximal

A

nearest to the origin

65
Q

Distal

A

farther from origination

66
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

67
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side of the body

68
Q

Body Planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions

69
Q

What are the three major planes at right angles to one another?

A
  • sagittal (midline)
  • transverse (horizontal)
  • frontal (coronal)
70
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divides the body into right and left sides

71
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

divides the body into mirror image halves

72
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

divides the body into unequal halves

73
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Planes

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

74
Q

Transverse (Cross-Sectional) Plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

75
Q

Oblique Planes

A

pass through the body or organ at an angle that is not equal to 90 degrees.

76
Q

Sections

A

cuts of the body made along a plane

77
Q

Radiography

A

x-rays used to produce an image of internal structures. They are inexpensive and quick.

78
Q

True or False: Radiography imaging passes easily through dense structure.

A

False

79
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

uses a powerful magnetic field to help generate 3D images.

80
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

3D x-rays

81
Q

Ultrasound Scanning

A

done using high frequency sound waves. It is noninvasive, painless, and safe.

82
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

A

done by injecting a substance emitting positively charged particles into the body.

83
Q

What is PET scan used for?

A

to study physiology of body structures

84
Q

Endoscopy

A

done using lighted instrument with a lens projecting an image onto a monitor.

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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