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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells with specialized activities

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2
Q

Tissues are composed of ___.

A

Cells and Matrix

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3
Q

The Matrix of tissues can be hard like ___ , semisolid like ___, or liquid like ___.

A

bone…fat…blood

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4
Q

Cells in most tissues are connected by ___.

A

junctions

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5
Q

Intracellular Junctions

A

mechanical connections between cell membranes

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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

form a leakproof seal between cells

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7
Q

What is an example of tight junctions?

A

junctions inside the stomach and bladder to keep materials from leaking out

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8
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract

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9
Q

What is an example of adherens junctions?

A

cadherin forming the belt-like plaque

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10
Q

Desmosomes

A

act as spot welds that hook into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

half welds that join cells to the basement membrane of tissue

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12
Q

Gap Junction

A

pores that allow ions to pass between cells

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13
Q

What will gap junctions do if the cell gets sick or dies?

A

it will seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells

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14
Q

What are the three primary germ layers?

A
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm
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15
Q

Do epithelial tissues form all three primary germ layers?

A

YES

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16
Q

What is derived from mesoderm?

A

Connective tissue and muscle

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17
Q

What tissue develops from ectoderm?

A

nervous tissue

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18
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • nervous
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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

cover body surfaces, form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts

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20
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
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21
Q

Connective Tissue

A

protect, support, and bind organs

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22
Q

4 Examples of Connective Tissue

A
  • fat that stores energy
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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23
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate heat used by the body

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24
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses

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25
Q

Epithelium

A

lines surfaces and forms protective barriers

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26
Q

Epithelium secretes ____, hormones, and other substances.

A

mucous

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27
Q

True or False: All epithelia have free apical surface and an attached basal surface.

A

True

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28
Q

The basal layer of the epithelium secretes a ___: the underlying connective tissue secretes a reticular lamina.

A

basal lamina

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29
Q

What do the basal lamina and reticular lamina form?

A

basement membrane on which the epithelium sits

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30
Q

Are epithelia named according to cell shape and arrangement of cell layers?

A

YES

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31
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

composed of a single layer of flat cells

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32
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells

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33
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

forms a single layer of column-like cells, cilia, microvilli and mucous

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34
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

in the air sacs of lungs and the lining of blood vessels, the heart, and capillaries

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35
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

lining of the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands

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36
Q

Goblet Cells

A

simple columnar cells that can secrete mucous

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37
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

an apical surface that is made up of squamous cells.

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38
Q

True or False: Stratified Squamous Epithelium is composed of many layers.

A

True

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39
Q

Why do Stratified Squamous Epithelium have many layers?

A

ideal for protection against strong friction forces

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40
Q

True or False: Connective Tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body.

A

True

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41
Q

What are 5 function of connective tissue?

A
  • bind tissues together
  • support and strengthen tissue
  • protect and insulate internal organs
  • compartmentalize and transport
  • energy reserves and immune responses
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42
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content, and is the main protein of connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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43
Q

Connective tissue is usually highly ___ and supplied with many nerves.

A

vascular

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44
Q

Do cartilage and tendon have blood supply and nerves?

A

NO

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45
Q

What is the common theme shared between all connective tissues?

A

They do not have many cells.

46
Q

Are all connective tissues surrounded by an extracellular matrix?

A

YES

47
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

non-cellular material located between and around cells

48
Q

What does extracellular matrix consist of?

A

protein fibers and ground substance (fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified).

49
Q

Common Connective Tissue cells are also known as ___.

A

fibroblasts

50
Q

Fibroblasts secrete protein fibers and a ___ which varies from one connective tissue to another.

A

ground substance

51
Q

What 3 common fibers do connective tissues secrete?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • reticular
52
Q

What are three other types of common connective tissue cells?

A
  • adipocytes
  • osteocytes
  • white blood cells
53
Q

Adipocytes

A

store triglycerides

54
Q

Osteocytes

A

make bone

55
Q

What are the 4 main types of white blood cells?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • lymphocytes
56
Q

Macrophages

A

swallow invaders or debris and can be fixed or wandering

57
Q

Neutrophils

A

microphages that are numerous in the blood

58
Q

Eosinophils

A

play and important role of inflammation

59
Q

Lymphocytes

A

secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders

60
Q

What are the two main types of connective tissue?

A
  • embryonic connective tissue
  • mature connective tissue
61
Q

What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A
  • mesenchyme
  • mucous connective tissue
62
Q

What are the five types of mature connective tissue?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • liquid
63
Q

Mesenchyme

A

an embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues

64
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)

A

umbilical cord jelly that is rich in stem cells

65
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
66
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

widely distributed, used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and packs between glands, muscles, and nerves

67
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

insulates and serves as padding and energy source

68
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

subcutaneous, around organs and joint

69
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes

70
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissues?

A
  • dense irregular
  • dense regular
  • elastic
71
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

provides strength when force are pulling from many directions

72
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue contain ___ and collagen fibers that are randomly arranged.

A

fibroblasts

73
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

tendons and ligaments. strong along one axis

74
Q

Elastic Connective Tisssue

A

contains fibroblasts and elastic fibers that help stretch

75
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
76
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

abundant and is found on the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.

77
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

contains collagen fibers, is strong and tough

78
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers

79
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in ear and epiglottis

80
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

inside invertebral disks and knee joints

81
Q

Bone

A

calcified intracellular matrix

82
Q

Blood and Lymph are what type of tissue?

A

liquid connective tissue

83
Q

What is meant by the fact that neurons and muscle fibers are electrical excitable cells?

A

they exhibit the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials)

84
Q

Combining two tissues creates an ___.

A

organ

85
Q

Epithelial membranes are the simplest organs in the body, constructed of only ___ and a little bit of connective tissue.

A

epithelium

86
Q

Mucous membranes line interior body surfaces open to the outside like ….

A
  • digestive tract
  • respiratory tract
  • reproductive tract
87
Q

Serous membrane line some internal surfaces like …

A
  • parietal layer next to body wall
  • serous fluid between layers
  • visceral layer next to organ
88
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only

89
Q

Epithelial Glands

A

simple organs

90
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood

91
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct

92
Q

What are 6 secretions of exocrine glands?

A
  • mucus
  • sweat
  • oil
  • earwax
  • saliva
  • digestive enzymes
93
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland?

A

sweat gland

94
Q

The criteria for categorizing multicellular glands according to ___ is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment.

A

function

95
Q

What are the three types of exocrine gland secretions?

A
  • merocrine
  • apocrine
  • holocrine
96
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

the most common secretion and the product is released by exocytosis

97
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

bud their secretions off

98
Q

What is an example of apocrine gland?

A

mammary gland

99
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

cells rupture, die, and get replaced

100
Q

What is an example of holocrine secretions?

A

sebaceous (skin oil) gland

101
Q

The ___ cells of an organ that conducts a specific function.

A

parenchymal

102
Q

Cells of the ___ are everything that is not the parenchymal cells. Examples: connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves.

A

stroma

103
Q

Example of Tissue Repair: The ___ of the heart is cardiac muscle cells. The nerves, intrinsic blood vessels, and connective tissue of the heart comprise the ___.

A

parenchyma…stroma

104
Q

When tissue damage is extensive, ___ depends on repair of both parenchymal cells and stroma.

A

return to homeostasis

105
Q

What are three processes in tissue repair?

A
  • fibroblasts divide rapidly
  • new collagen fibers are manufactured
  • new blood capillaries supply materials for healing
106
Q

All of the tissue repair processes create an actively growing connective tissue called ___.

A

granulation tissue

107
Q

True or False: Tissue heals faster in young adults.

A

True

108
Q

True or False: Surgery of a fetus leaves scars.

A

False

109
Q

True or False: Young tissues have a better nutritional state, blood supply, and higher metabolic rate.

A

True

110
Q

True or False: Extracellular components do not change with age.

A

False

111
Q

True or False: Changes in the body’s glucose, collagen, and elastic fibers do not contribute to the aging process.

A

False

anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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