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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system include?

A
  • the skin
  • its accessory structures
  • the 4 basic tissue types
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2
Q

What are the 6 accessory structures that are part of the integumentary system?

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • glands
  • blood vessels
  • muscles
  • nerves
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3
Q

Integument

A

a cutaneous membrane that covers the outer surface of the body

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4
Q

True or False: The skin is the largest organ.

A

True

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5
Q

About how big is the skin?

A

22 square ft

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6
Q

How much does the skin weigh?

A

10 - 11 lbs

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7
Q

What is the thickness range of the skin?

A

0.5 mm (eyelids) - 4 mm (heels)

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8
Q

How many pounds of skin epithelium is shed per year?

A

2 1/4 lbs

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A
  • covers and protects
  • regulates body temperature
  • senses
  • synthesis of vitamin D
  • important blood reservoir
  • emotional expression
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10
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • subcutaneous layer
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11
Q

Epidermis Skin Layer

A

outer, thin layer that consists of epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Dermis Skin Layer

A

inner thick layer that consists of connective tissue

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13
Q

Subcutaneous Skin Layer (Hypodermis)

A

under dermis and consists of loose areolar/adipose connective tissue that attaches skin to the underlying tissues and organs

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14
Q

First Degree Burn

A

a burn that only affects the epidermis

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15
Q

Second Degree Burn

A

a burn that affects the epidermis and dermis and blisters may appear

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16
Q

Third Degree Burn

A

a burn that affects all 3 skin layers and requires medical attention

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17
Q

The epidermis is composed of ____ squamous epithelium.

A

keratinized stratified

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18
Q

4 Types of Epidermis Cells

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • langerhans cells
  • merkel cells
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19
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produces keratin

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20
Q

Keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

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21
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin

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22
Q

Melanin

A

prigment that protects skin from UV rays

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23
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

macrophages involved in immune response

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24
Q

Merkel Cells

A

function in the sensation of touch

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25
Q

What are the 5 layers (cell types) of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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26
Q

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

A

deepest layer of epidermis, site of mitosis for production of all other layers

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27
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

composed of 8-10 keratinocytes

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28
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

composed of non-dividing cells filled with granules of keratin

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29
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

only found in thick skin like fingertips

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30
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

outermost layer of epidermis composed of 20 layers of flat dead keratinocytes

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31
Q

True or False: Stratum Corneum is not continuously shed.

A

False

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32
Q

Keratinization

A

the process of filling cells from the stratum basale with waxy keratin protein as they move to the surface

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33
Q

Dandruff

A

excess of keratinized cells shed from scalp

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34
Q

Can constant friction stimulate the process of keratinization and produce a callus?

A

YES

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35
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale

36
Q

What are the 2 types of melanocytes in the skin?

A
  • eumelanin
    -pheomelanin
37
Q

Freckles

A

clusters of melanin pigments

38
Q

Is having more freckles a genetic trait?

A

YES

39
Q

Nevi (sing. Nevus)

A

chronic, benign lesions of the skin (birthmarks or moles)

40
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

41
Q

Albinism

A

the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

42
Q

True or False: Albinism is also a defect of an enzyme that helps produce melanin.

A

True

43
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis composed of?

A

connective tissue

44
Q

What fibers are inside the connective tissue of the dermis?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

45
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

46
Q

Is the papillary region of the dermis below the epidermis?

A

YES

47
Q

What type of tissue does the papillary region of the dermis contain?

A

areolar connective tissue

48
Q

What 5 things does the areolar connective tissue in the papillary region of the dermis contain?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • dermal papillae,
  • touch sensors
  • free nerve endings
49
Q

What are epidermal ridges formed by?

A

underlying dermal papillae

50
Q

What do epidermal ridges form?

A
  • fingerprints and footprints
  • increased friction of grip
51
Q

Dermatoglyphics

A

the study of the pattern of epidermal ridges

52
Q

What type of tissue does the reticular reigon of the dermis consist of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue?

53
Q

What does stretching the reticular region of the dermis cause?

A

stretch marks

54
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer contain?

A

lamellated corpuscles that detect external pressure applied to the skin

55
Q

What do blood vessels pass through to get to the dermis?

A

Subcutaneous Layer

56
Q

What 4 things are contained in the superficial sensory receptors?

A
  • merkel discs
  • free nerve endings
  • meissner corpuscles
  • hair root plexuses
57
Q

What is contained in deep sensory receptors?

A

pacinian corpuscles

58
Q

3 Characteristics of Hair

A
  • present on most surfaces
  • composed of dead keratinized epidermal cells
  • thickness and distribution is genetically determined
59
Q

Hair helps with ____ and protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun against heat loss.

A

touch sensations

60
Q

The 3 parts of the hair include:

A
  • shaft (above the skin surface
  • root (epithelial and dermal root sheath)
  • follicle
61
Q

What are 3 types of hairs?

A
  • lanugo
  • vellus
  • terminal
62
Q

Lanugo Hair

A

downy fetal body hair

63
Q

Vellus Hairs

A

short, fine, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye

64
Q

Terminal Hairs

A

long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs

65
Q

What is hair color determined by?

A

the amount and type of melanin

66
Q

Sebaceous (oil) Glands

A

connected to the hair follicles and secrets sebum

67
Q

What are 2 important things that sebaceous glands do?

A
  • prevents dehydration of hair and skin
  • inhibits growth of certain bacteria
68
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  • eccrine
  • apocrine
69
Q

3 Characteristics of Eccrine Sweat Glands

A
  • most numerous
  • secrete a watery solution
  • cools body and eliminates waste
70
Q

Where are Apocrine Sweat Glands found?

A

in the skin of axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions in adult males

71
Q

True or False: Apocrine Sweat Glands no not secrete slight vicious sweat.

A

False

72
Q

Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an ___.

A

emotion stress

73
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands are located in the ___ layer and the excretory duct opens into ____.

A

subcutaneous… hair follicles

74
Q

When is sweat secreted from apocrine sweat glands?

A

during emotional stress and sexual excitement

75
Q

What causes body oder?

A

apocrine sweat

76
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

modified sweat glands in ear canal

77
Q

2 Characteristics of Ceruminous Glands

A
  • involved in producing cerumen (earwax)
  • provides sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal
78
Q

Nails

A

hard, keratinized epidermal cells

79
Q

What are three structures of the nail?

A
  • free edge
  • transparent nail body (plate)
  • nail root embedded in a fold of skin
80
Q

What are the two kinds of wound-healing processes?

A
  • epidermal wound healing
  • deep wound healing
81
Q

Epidermal Wound Healing

A

1st degree burns that only affect the epidermis

82
Q

Deep Wound Healing

A

some 2nd degree and a lot 3rd degree burns. scar tissue will develop and function may be lost

83
Q

According to the American Burn Association, a major burn includes:

A
  • 3rd degree burns over 10% of body surface area
  • 2nd degree burns over 25% of body surface area
  • any 3rd degree burns to the face, hands, feet, or perineum
84
Q

What happens when a burn area exceeds 70% ?

A

more than half of the victims die

85
Q

What are 6 things that the integumentary system changes with age?

A
  • wrinkles develop
  • dehydration and cracking occurs
  • sweat production increases
  • fewer melanocytes (grey hair and atypical skin pigmentation
  • less subcutaneous fast and a general decrease in skin thickness
  • nails may become more brittle
86
Q

With age, comes an increased susceptibility to ____ conditions.

A

pathological

87
Q

What is an example of pathological conditions in older people?

A

pressure ulcers (bedsores)

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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