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Microbiology > Lecture 2 Microscopy Cell Morphology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Microscopy Cell Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic, eukaryotic

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2
Q

What is an example of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria
archaea

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3
Q

What is an example of eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

Which cell is larger?

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Which cell is smaller?

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

What is eukaryotic cells defined by?

A

Presence of a nucleus

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7
Q

What is light microscopes magnification?

A

1,000x

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8
Q

What is electron microscopes magnification?

A

more than 100,000x

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9
Q

Scanning probe microscope can produce images of what?

A

Individual atoms on a surface

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10
Q

What are the three concepts of a bright field microscope?

A

Magnification, resolution, contrast

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11
Q

What is resolution?

A

Ability to distinguish two objects that are very close together

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12
Q

What are the two lens types in a compound microscope?

A

Objective and ocular

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13
Q

What are the magnifications of objective lenses?

A

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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14
Q

What is the magnification of the ocular lens?

A

10x

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15
Q

What does the condenser lens do?

A

focuses light on specimen

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16
Q

Which lens does not magnify?

A

Condenser lens

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17
Q

What is maximum resolving power of the light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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18
Q

What is the point of the immersion oil on the 100x objective?

A

Prevents refraction of light, keeps rays from missing openings in objective lens

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19
Q

What do stains do in contrast?

A

They increase contrast but kill microbes

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20
Q

Electron microscopes use _______ lenses
_______
and _______ screen to replace glass lenses

A

Electromagnetic lenses
electrons
fluorescent

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21
Q

Resolving power of electron microscope

A

1,000 or greater
TOTAL power = 100,000x

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22
Q

In an electron microscope, lenses and specimen must be in _______

A

vacuum

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23
Q

Two types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission Electron Microscope TEM
Scanning Electron Microscope SEM

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24
Q

TEM is beam of electrons that pass ________ specimen or scatters

A

Through

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25
Q

TEM depends on the ________ of the region

________ is used to view internal details

A

density

thin-sectioning

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26
Q

what microscopy is a newer method that reduces damage to cells and creates 3-D images

A

Cry-electron microscopy

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27
Q

SEM is beam of electrons that scans ________ of specimen

A

Surface

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28
Q

in SEM, electrons are ________ from specimen

A

Released

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29
Q

What is a drop of liquid specimen that is overlaid with a coverslip?

A

Wet mount

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30
Q

What is simple staining?

A

uses a single dye to stain specimen

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31
Q

in a simple stain, what carries the positive charge? what carries the negative charge?

A

Basic dyes
acidic dyes

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32
Q

What are methylene blue and crystal violet?

A

basic dyes

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33
Q

An acidic dye can be done as a ________ ________

A

wet mount

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34
Q

What is differential staining

A

used to distinguish different groups of bacteria

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35
Q

What do gram positive and negative distinguish?

A

difference in cell wall structure

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36
Q

Steps of gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet (primary stain)
  2. iodine (mordant)
  3. alcohol (decolonizers)
  4. Safranin (counterstain)
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37
Q

In what step will gram + cells remain purple and gram - cells become colorless?

A

step 3 (alcohol)

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38
Q

What happens to cells in step 3 of gram stian?

A

gram positive: purple
Gram negative: clear

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39
Q

What happens in step 4 of gram stain?

A

gram positive: purple
gram negative: turns pink

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40
Q

What does the success of a gram stain depend on?

A

The length of time of the decolorizing step (step 3) and the age of culture

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41
Q

What is the acid fast stain?

A

used to detect organisms that do NOT readily take up dyes

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42
Q

What does acid fast stain detect?

A

Mycobacterium species such as causative agents of tuberculosis and Hansen’s disease (leprosy)

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43
Q

What do the cell walls of mycobacterium contain?

A

High concentrations of mycolic acids

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44
Q

Procedure of the acid fast stain

A
  1. Primary stain is concentrated red dye
  2. Acid fast cells retain red dye after being flooded with acid alcohol
  3. Methylene blue used as COUNTERSTAIN
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45
Q

What is the capsule stain?

A

Allows observation of gel-like layer that surrounds some microbes

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46
Q

What is stained in capsule staining?

A

The background

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47
Q

What is added to the wet mount in capsule stain?

A

India ink

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48
Q

What is endospore stain?

A

Allows visualization of endospores, resistant dormant cells often formed by Bacillus and Clostridium

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49
Q

What do endospores resist?

A

Gram stain, appears as clear object

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50
Q

Endospores stain use what to facilitate the uptake of the primary dye

A

Heat

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51
Q

What is the primary stain of endospore stain

A

Malachite green

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52
Q

What does the counterstain color in endospore stain?

A

Colors other cells pink that aren’t endospores

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53
Q

What is the counterstain of endospore stain?

A

Safranin

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54
Q

What is the flagella stain?

A

uses a substance that makes the dye adhere to thin flagella, making them visible

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55
Q

What is peritrichous cell?

A

Flagella surrounds the cell

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56
Q

What is polar cell?

A

Flagellum on one end

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57
Q

immunofluorescence uses what to tag a unique microbe protein?

A

Fluorescent dye-antibody labels

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58
Q

What shape is coccus

A

Spherical

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59
Q

What shape is rod?

A

Cyclindrical

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60
Q

Rod is also called

A

Bacillus

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61
Q

What is short rods called

A

Coccobacillus

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62
Q

Where is great diversity found?

A

in low nutrient environments

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63
Q

list other shapes from least curly to most curly

A

Vibrio (bent shape)
Spirillum (3 curls)
Spirochete (very curly)

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64
Q

Most prokaryotes divide by

A

Binary fission

65
Q

What shape is staphylococcus

A

Grape like clusters

66
Q

What shape is sarcina

A

Cubical packets

67
Q

What shape is streptococcus

A

Chains

68
Q

What shape is Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Diplococci

69
Q

What layers are in the cell wall of the prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule (if present)

70
Q

Where is chromosome located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Nucleoid

71
Q

What are the things on the surface of the prokaryotic cell that help with motoin?

A

pilus

72
Q

What defines the boundary of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

73
Q

What layer is embedded with proteins?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

74
Q

What tails face in?

A

Hydrophobic tails

75
Q

What tails face out?

A

Hydrophilic tails

76
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Selective gates, sensors of environmental conditions, enzymes

77
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Proteins drift about in lipid bilayer

78
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane is how permeable?

A

Selectively permeable

79
Q

What passes through the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

O2, CO2, N2, water, small HYDROPHOBIC molecules

80
Q

Some cells facilitate water passage with ________

A

Aquaporins

81
Q

How do other molecules that can’t permeate the membrane move?

A

Transport systems

82
Q

What does not pass through the membrane?

A

Sugars, ions, amino acids, ATP, macromolecules

83
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement from high to low concentrations until equilibrium is each

84
Q

What does the speed of diffusion depend on?

A

concentration

85
Q

The greater the difference in concentration on either side of a membrane, what happens to the rate of the diffusion?

A

It’s higher, increases

86
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to UNEQUAL solute concentrations

87
Q

Water diffuses from what areas to what areas?

A

high water (low solute) concentration to low water (high solute) concentration

88
Q

Water flows from what solution to what solution?

A

hypotonic to hypertonic

89
Q

There is no net water flow between what soluteions?

A

isotonic

90
Q

Environment of prokaryotes are typically ________

A

Dilute/hypotonic

91
Q

Water flows into the cell where the cytoplasm is a ________ solution

A

Concentrated/hypertonic

92
Q

What prevents the cell from bursting during osmosis?

A

Cell wall

93
Q

The electron transport chain is embedded in what?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

94
Q

The ETC uses energy from ________ to move ________ out of cell

A

Electrons, protons

95
Q

ETC creates ________ gradient across membrane

A

Electromechanical

96
Q

Energy in ETC is called

A

Proton motive force

97
Q

Proton motive force is harvested to drive ________ and some forms of transport/motilify

A

ATP synthesis

98
Q

Most molecules must pass through proteins functioning as ________

A

Selective gates

99
Q

Transport systems have

A

Permeases or carriers

100
Q

What system is highly specific?

A

Transport system

101
Q

What is the cell wall like in a prokaryotic cell?

A

strong, somewhat rigid, prevents cell from bursting

102
Q

Cell wall distinguishes what two types of bacteria?

A

Gram positive, gram negative

103
Q

What is ONLY found in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

104
Q

What is peptidoglycan shaped like?

A

alternating series of subunits form glycan chains

105
Q

What are the subunits in glycan chains

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
N-acyetylglucosamine (NAG)

106
Q

What are the chains that link glycan chains?

A

Tetrapeptide chains

107
Q

What are tetrapeptide chains?

A

peptide interbridge in gram POSITIVE cells

108
Q

Tetrapeptide only in gram….

A

Positive

109
Q

The gram positive cell has a thick ________ layer

A

Peptidoglycan

110
Q

What extends above peptidoglycan layer?

A

teichoic acids

111
Q

What material is BELOW the peptidoglycan layer?

A

Gel-like

112
Q

What is the gram negative cell wall have?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer

113
Q

Outside the peptidoglycan layer of the gram negative cell is a

A

unique outer membrane

114
Q

What is the unique outer layer membrane of a gram negative cell made of

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

115
Q

What is the function of LPS

A

Signals immune system of invasion by gram neg cell
- small levels elicit response to eliminate invader

116
Q

What is LPS also called?

A

Endotoxin

117
Q

What happens when large amounts of endotoxin are accumulating in the blood stream?

A

Can be deadly

118
Q

What does LPS include?

A

Lipid A and O antigen

119
Q

Lipid A

A

Recognized by immune system

120
Q

O antigen

A

Can be used to identify species or strains

121
Q

Outer membrane of gram neg cell blocks passage of many molecules like

A

Antibicrobial medications

122
Q

Small molecules and ions can cross the outer membrane via

A

Porins

123
Q

What is between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane?

A

Periplasmic space

124
Q

What periplasmic space filled with?

A

gel-like periplasm

125
Q

What happens in the periplasmic space?

A

Exported proteins accumulate unless specifically moved across outer membrane

126
Q

What part of cell does crystal violet stain?

A

inside of cell

127
Q

Gram ? cell wall prevents crystal violet-iodine complex from being washed out

A

positive

128
Q

What dehydrates the thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Decolorizing agent

129
Q

What does the decolorizing agent do to the gram neg cell wall?

A

Damages outer membrane of the cell wall, because thin layer of peptidoglycan can’t retain dye complex

130
Q

What bacteria lacks a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

131
Q

What is different about mycoplasma?

A

It is unaffected by penicillin and lysozyme
cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols that increase strength

132
Q

What is the cell walls of archaea like?

A
  • No peptidoglycan, pseudopeptidoglycan instead
  • S-layers that self assemble; built from sheets of flat protein or glycoprotein subunits
133
Q

What is the description of the capsule?

A

distinct, gelatinous

134
Q

What is the description of slime layer?

A

Diffuse, irregular

135
Q

Most composed of glycolyx

A

sugar shell but some are polypeptides

136
Q

Once attached to a surface, cells can grow as _______

A

biofilm

137
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Polymer encased community like dental plaque

138
Q

Some capsules allow bacteria to evade ______-

A

Host immune system

139
Q

What involves motility?

A

Flagella

140
Q

What is an important disease related to flagella?

A

helicobacter pylori

141
Q

What are the three parts of the bacterial flagellum

A

Basal body
Hook
Filament

142
Q

What is different about archael flagella?

A

Chemically distinct, use energy from ATP instead of proton motive force

143
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Bacteria sense a chemical and move toward it if its a toxin

144
Q

Movement is a series of what two movements due to coordinated rotation of flagella?

A

Runs: straight lights
Tumbles: changes in direction

145
Q

Which is longer, pili or flagella?

A

Flagella

146
Q

Pili that allow surface attachment are called

A

Fimbriae

147
Q

What movements involve pili?

A

Twitching motility, gliding motility

148
Q

What do sex pilus do?

A

joins bacteria for DNA transfer

149
Q

What is endospores?

A

unique type of DORMANT cell

150
Q

What is endospores produced by

A

Bacillus, Clostridium

151
Q

What is endospores resistant?

A

Heat, desiccation, chemicals, UV light, boiling water

152
Q

Endospores can _______ to become _______ cells that can multiply

A

Germinate, vegetative cells

153
Q

_______ is triggered by limited or nitrogen in endospores

A

Sporulation

154
Q

What do endospore layers do?

A

Prevent damage

155
Q

What protects the core of an endospore in dehydrates state and protects from heat?

A

Cortex

156
Q

what plays an important protective role in endospores sporulation?

A

Calcium dipicolinate

157
Q

_______ is triggered by heat, chemical exposure

A

Germination

158
Q

Is germination and sporulation a means of reproduction?

A

No

Microbiology (16 decks)

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