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Microbiology > Lecture 11 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundand WBC, most active and potent phagocytic killer

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

Rapid response, move into area and eliminate invaders

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3
Q

Neutrophils are most critical in what stages of inflammations?

A

early

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4
Q

neutrophils are the first to be recruited from _______ to _______

A

Bloodstream to site of damage

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5
Q

neutrophils are more powerful than _______

A

macrophages

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6
Q

when do neutrophils die?

A

once an assault on microbe is made

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7
Q

neutrophils kill microbes via phagocytosis and release of _______

A

granule content

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8
Q

Granular contents are

A

lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase

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9
Q

neutrophiles can release DNA to form what?

A

neutrophile extracellular traps (NETs) catching microbes, allowing enzymes and pepetides from granules to destroy them

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10
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation

A

contain site of damage, localize response, eliminate invader, restore tissue function

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11
Q

What does inflammation result in

A

swelling, redness, heat, pain, sometimes loss of function

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12
Q

What triggers inflammation

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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13
Q

What do PRRs do?

A

detect MAMPS and DAMPS

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14
Q

What are MAMPs and DAMPs?

A

microbe associated
damage associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

Host cells release _______ during inflammation

A

Inflammatory mediators (cytokines, histamine)

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16
Q

MAMPS cause release of what

A

tumor necrosis factor

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17
Q

TNF does what?

A

induces liver to produce acute phase proteins that activate complement

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18
Q

blood vessel damage starts two enzymatic cascades which lead to

A

coagulation and increased vessel permeability

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19
Q

what happens to small blood vessels during inflammation

A

they dilate
greater blood flow, slower flow rate
leakage of fluids

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20
Q

What happens to leukocytes during inflammation/

A

migrate from bloodstream to tissues

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21
Q

what is margination

A

endothelial cells grab phagocytes and slow them down

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22
Q

What is diapedesis

A

phagocytes squeeze between cells of vessel

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23
Q

What do clotting factors do

A

wall off infection site, prevent bleeding, stop spread of microbes

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24
Q

What is acute inflammation

A

short term, mainly neutrophils, macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debris

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25
Q

if acute inflammation fails, what happens?

A

chronic inflammation

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26
Q

When inflammation happens, prevents spread but _______ builds

A

damage

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27
Q

What is necrosis

A

traumatic cell death due to damage

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28
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, does not trigger inflammatory response

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29
Q

What is pyropoptosis

A

triggers an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells

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30
Q

Fever is an indicator of what type of infection

A

bacterial

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31
Q

Temperature raises due to response to ______

A

pyrogens

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32
Q

what temp is a fever

A

above 37.8

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33
Q

What happens to bacteria above 37 degrees?

A

drops sharply, allows more time for defense

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34
Q

What happens to enzymes when temperature rises

A

increases rate of enzymes

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35
Q

What do first-line defenses do

A

barriers that block entry

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36
Q

Sentinel cells use________ receptors to idenfity unique microbial ocmponents

A

patten recognition systems

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37
Q

________ system found in blood and tissue fluid

A

complement

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38
Q

________ secreted with viral infection

A

Interferon

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39
Q

________ engulf microbes or cell debris

A

phagocytes

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40
Q

What are the first line defenses

A

Skin, mucous membranes of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract

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41
Q

Epidermis is filled with ________

A

keratin

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42
Q

________ degrade peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

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43
Q

________ form antimicrobials, consume hydrogen peroxide to create more reactive forms of O2

A

peroxidases

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44
Q

________ and ________ bind iron

A

Lactoferrin, transferrin

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45
Q

________ form pores in microbial membranes

A

Defensins

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46
Q

Normal microbioate produces ________

A

toxic compounds

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47
Q

What is the formation and development of immune system called

A

Hematopoiesis

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48
Q

blood cells originate from ________ cells

A

Hematopoiesis stem cells

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49
Q

Hematapoietic stem cells are induced to develop by ________

A

colony stimulating factors

50
Q

What are the three categories of cells in immune system

A

Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

51
Q

What do RBC do

A

Carry O2

52
Q

Platelets involved in ________

A

clotting

53
Q

White blood cells ________

A

host defenses

54
Q

Granulocytes contain ________ granules, named based on staining properties

A

cytoplasmic

55
Q

Neutrophils circulate in ________
destroys ________

A

blood
bacteria

56
Q

Basophils involved in ________

A

allergic reactions

57
Q

What cells are similar to basophils

A

mast cells

58
Q

Eosinophils fight ________

A

parasitic worms

59
Q

what two cells have histamine

A

Basophils, eosinophils

60
Q

________ differentiate from monocytes

A

macrophages

61
Q

What are the types of mononuclear phagocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

62
Q

What are macrophages

A

large eaters

63
Q

dendritic cells are ________ cells
function as ________

A

sentinel
scouts

64
Q

Dendritic cells bring material to cells for ________

A

inspection

65
Q

Dendritic cells develop from ________

A

monocytes

66
Q

________ are responsible for adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

67
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells

68
Q

Innate lymphoid cells lack

A

antigen recognition specificity

69
Q

Type of ILC that destroys certain types of cells

A

Natural killer cells

70
Q

Surface receptors serve as ________ of cell

A

eyes and ears

71
Q

Surface receptors bind to ________ induces response

A

ligand

72
Q

cytokines are ________ of cell, transmits ________

A

voices, signals

73
Q

Cytokines act at a ________ concentration

A

low

74
Q

________ allow cells to adhere to other cells

A

adhesion molecules

75
Q

What are the five times of cytokines

A

chemokines, CSF, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor

76
Q

Chemokines

A

chemotaxis of immune cells

77
Q

CSF is the multiplication and differentiation of ______

A

LEUKOCYTES

78
Q

Interferons

A

Control of viral infections, regulation of immune response

79
Q

Interleukins

A

Produced by leukocytes, tells cell how to differentiate

80
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

inflammation, apoptosis

81
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors do?

A

see signs of microbial invasion, lead to cytokine secretion

82
Q

________ detected by PRRs

A

Microbe associated molecules patterns

83
Q

What do MAMPs include

A

cell wall components, flagellin subunits, microbial nucleci acid

84
Q

Damage associated molecular patterns indicate ________

A

host cell damage

85
Q

Pattern recognition receptors are located where

A

cell surface, endosomes, phagosomes, cytoplasm

86
Q

Toll likes receptors are anchored in what type of cells

A

sentinel

87
Q

Surface TLRs monitor ________

A

extracellular environment

88
Q

TLRs in phagosomal or endosomal membranes of organelles characterize what

A

ingested materials

89
Q

Dendritic cells have both ________ and ________

A

TLRs and CLRs

90
Q

PRRs detect viral ________

A

RNA

91
Q

Interferon causes neighboring cells to express ________

A

inactive antiviral proteins

92
Q

iAVPs activated by ________

A

viral dsRNA

93
Q

What is the complement system?

A

proteins that circulate the blood and tissue fluid

94
Q

Proteins named in order

A

C1 through C9

95
Q

Three protective functions of complement

A

Opsonization (augmenting phagocytosis)
Promote inflammation
Lysis of invading cells

96
Q

Alternative pathway is triggered when ________ binds to foreign cell surfaces

A

C3b

97
Q

Lectin pathway is ________ molecules bind to mannose of microbial cells

A

Pattern recognition molecules (MBLs)

98
Q

Classical pathway is activated by ________ bound to antigen which interact with complement systme

A

antibodies

99
Q

In opsonization, C3b binds to bacterial cells
promotes engulfment by phagocytes that attach to ________

A

Opsonins

100
Q

in inflammatory response, ________ attracts phagocytes to area

________ and ________ increase permeability of blood vessels including mast and other cells

A

C5a

C3a and C5a

101
Q

In lysis of foreign cells, complements of proteins assemble to form ________

A

Membrane attack complexes

102
Q

MACs cause pores in the membrane, causing the cell to ________

A

lyse

103
Q

phagocytes________ material invading microbes

A

engulf

104
Q

In chemotaxis, phagocytes are recruited by ________

A

chemoattractants

105
Q

What is direct recognition and attachment

A

receptors bind mannose

106
Q

What is indirect recognition and attachment

A

receptors bind to opsonins

107
Q

in engulfment, pseudopods surround and form________

A

phagosome

108
Q

phagosome maturation and phagolysosome

A

mature phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome

109
Q

destruction and digestion: ________ and ________ produced

A

Toxic ROS and nitric oxide

110
Q

in destruction and digestion, pH increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

111
Q

In destruction and digestion, ________ binds to iron

A

Lactoferrin

112
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic membrane, expel remains

113
Q

Macrophages are important ________ cells

A

sentinel

114
Q

macrophages ________ other immune cells

A

Alert

115
Q

Macrophages ________ dead cells, debris, destroy invaders

A

Phagocytisze

116
Q

________ are always present in tissues and are replaces by monocytes

A

macrophages

117
Q

Activated macrophages are a response to ________ and ________

A

Cytokine activation and TLR response

118
Q

________ macrophages have great killing power

A

M1

119
Q

________ macrophages help resolve inflammation and promote tissue healing

A

M2

120
Q

What three cells forms granulomas/

A

macrophages, giant cells, T cells

121
Q

If macrophages are insufficient, what forms?

A

giant cells

122
Q

________ can become a hard nodule to drain

A

Granulomas

Microbiology (16 decks)

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