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Microbiology > Lecture 12 and 13, Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 12 and 13, Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What recognizes foreign material and proliferate

A

lymphocytes

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2
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

molecular specificity, memory, tolerance

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3
Q

What is molecular specificity

A

can differentiate among unlimited numbers of infecting agents

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4
Q

Memory has a stronger response to _______

A

re-exposure

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5
Q

What does vaccination rely upon

A

memory

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6
Q

what is tolerance

A

Must distinguish between what is healthy self and what is dangerous

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7
Q

What is the first response to an antigen called

A

primary response

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8
Q

the stronger _______ reponse results with subsequent exposure

A

secondary

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9
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

Anti-body mediated, eliminates extracellular antigens

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10
Q

What cell does humoral immunity involve

A

B cells

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11
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

antigens residing within a host cell

eg virus-infected cells, cancer cells

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12
Q

What cell does CMI involve

A

T cells

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13
Q

What is naive lymphocyte

A

has never encountered antigen, cannot react until it received confirming signals

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14
Q

What is activated lymphocyte

A

Has received confirming signals from dendritic cell expressing cognate antigen, proliferates, deifferentiates

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15
Q

effector lymphocyte

A

short-lived, primary response

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16
Q

memory lymphocyte

A

long-lived, activated more quickly to provide secondary response

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17
Q

in humoral immunity, activated B cells differentiate into _______ cells in response to extracellular antigens

A

plasma

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18
Q

activated B cells produce _______

A

antibodies

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19
Q

The stem of the antibody is what

A

red flag, marks bound antigen for elimination

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20
Q

What does B cell receptor do?

A

recognizes antigen by membrane bound antibody, must receive T cell signal to proliferate for same antigen

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21
Q

CMI

what eliminates antigens?

A

two subsets of T cells

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22
Q

CMI

what cell destroys corrupted host cells?

A

cytotoxic T cell

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23
Q

CMI

What cell directs/assists adaptive immune responses

A

helper T cell

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24
Q

CMI

both T cells have _______ analagous to BCR

A

T- cell receptors TCR

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25
Q

TCR does NOT

A

recognize free antigen, antigen must be presented by body’s own cell

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26
Q

_______ and _______ must be activated before they can multiply

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

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27
Q

_______ cells are responsible for T cell activation

A

dendritic

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28
Q

CMI

Once activated, T cell proliferates
forms _______ or _______

A

Effector helper T cells or effector cytotoxic T cells

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29
Q

Tc cells respond to _______

A

intracellular antigens

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30
Q

Tc cells induce cell to undergo _______

A

apoptosis

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31
Q

T h cells activate _______

A

B cells, macrophages, produce cytokines to direct and support other cells

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32
Q

regulatory T cells do what

A

stop immune system from overreacting and responding to harmless substance

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33
Q

_______ cells play a crucial role in activation of naive Th and Tc cells

A

dendritic

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34
Q

Where do dendritic cells reside?

A

peripheral tissue

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35
Q

Dendritic cells can send extensions between what?

A

epithelial cells of mucosal barriers and sample material in respiratory tract and lumen of intestine

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36
Q

What do toll like receptors do?

A

recognize pathogens

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37
Q

if TLR detects pathogen, what happens?

A

cell takes up more material

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38
Q

TLRs travel to _______, matures

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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39
Q

TLRs produce _______ signaling danger

A

co-simulatory molecules

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40
Q

TLRs present antigens on both _______

A

MHC class I and II

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41
Q

T cell is activated by the dendritic cell expressing what?

A

cognate antigen, as part of MHS calls I or class II and co-simulatory molecules

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42
Q

only T cells which can respond to _______ are allowed to mature

A

antigens presented by class I or class II

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43
Q

B cells and T cells have _______receptors

A

Membrane bound

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44
Q

_______ does not recognize free antigen, must be presented by body’s own cells

A

TCR

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45
Q

lymphatic system brings populations of lymphocytes in contact with _______

A

antigens

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46
Q

lymphatic vessels carry

A

lymph

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47
Q

Lymph contains antigens from _______

A

tissues

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48
Q

lymph flows through _______ before emptying back in circulatory system

A

lymph nodes

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49
Q

inflammatory causes what to happen to lymph

A

more fluid to enter tissues, increases antigen containing fluids entering lymphatic system

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50
Q

Primary lymphoid organs include

A

bone marry, thymus

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51
Q

_______ reside in bone marrow, give rise to all blood cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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52
Q

_______ cells mature into bone marrow

A

B cells

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53
Q

_______ cells migrate to thymus and mature

A

T cells

54
Q

once mature, lymphocytes gather in _______ and wait to encounter antigen

A

secondary lymphoid organs

55
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

56
Q

_______ allow sampling of intestinal contents

A

peyer’s patch

57
Q

peyer’s patch sample intestinal contents via what cells/

A

M cells, dendritic cells

58
Q

Peyers patch is part of

A

MALT

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

59
Q

_______ prevents microbial invasion via mucous membrane

A

mucosal immunity

60
Q

lymphoid tissues under skin are

A

SALT

skin associated lymphoid tissue

61
Q

Antigen comes from

A

Antibody generator

62
Q

What are T-dependent antigens

A

B cells requires confirmation from Th cells to be activated, protein componenet

63
Q

T independent antigens can activate B cells without

A

Th cell help, include Lipopolysaccharide and molecules with repeating subunits

64
Q

Antigen that elicit immune response is

A

immunogenic

65
Q

_______ are more immunongenic than nucleic acids or lipids

A

proteins

66
Q

_______ are usually not immunogenic

A

small molecules

67
Q

what are epitopes

A

distinct regions of molecules

68
Q

epitopes can be stretches of 10 _______

A

amino acids

69
Q

Bacterial cells posses many different _______

A

epitopes

70
Q

antibodies are also called

A

immunoglobins

71
Q

what shape is an antibody

A

Y shaped

72
Q

On an antibody, what are the two identical arms called

A

Fab regions

73
Q

What do fab regions do

A

bind antigen

74
Q

What is the stem of the antibody called

A

Fc region

75
Q

What part of antibody can be crystallized

A

Fc region

76
Q

Light chains have how many amino acid folds

A

2

77
Q

Heavy chains have how many amino acid folds

A

4

78
Q

Fork of Y is _______ region

A

flexiible hinge

79
Q

_______ bonds join heavy, light chains and two halves

A

Disulfide

80
Q

_______ region at ends of fab regions accounts for specificity

A

variable region

81
Q

Antigen binding site attaches to _______

A

epitope

82
Q

constant region inclues

A

Fc and two Fab regions

83
Q

Neutralization

A

prevents toxins, viruses from binding

84
Q

opsonization

A

enhancement of phagocytosis

85
Q

complement system activation

A

classical pathway

86
Q

immobilization and prevention of adherence

A

binding to bacterial flagella or pili interferes

87
Q

cross linking

A

two arms of antigen bind separate antigens

88
Q

antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

targets cell for destruction by natural killer (NK) cells

89
Q

five major classes of immunoglobulin

A

igM, igG, igD, igE

90
Q

IgM is produced when

A

during primary response

91
Q

IgM is produced in response to ______

A

T-independent antigens

92
Q

IgM is what type of subunit?

A

pentamer, 5 subunits

93
Q

Pentamers ______ very effecitvely

A

aggregate

94
Q

Larger size of IgM prevents what

A

crossing from bloodstream to tissue

95
Q

IgM is primary role is

A

Bloodstream infection

96
Q

which antibody is the most abundant?

A

IgG

97
Q

igG provides

A

longest term protection

98
Q

How does igG protect?

A

via neutralization, aggregation, opsonization, complement activation

99
Q

IgG is transported across ______ to ______

A

placenta to fetus’s bloodstream

100
Q

What does maternal IgG do?

A

protects fetus and newborn?

101
Q

IgG is found in ______

A

colostrum (first breast milk)

102
Q

IgG is absorbed by newborn’s ______

A

intestinal tract

103
Q

most IgA is a dimer which is

A

secretory IgA (sIgA)

104
Q

IgA is important for what?

A

mucosal immunity

105
Q

how does IgA protect?

A

via neutralizing toxins, viruses, interfering with attachment of microbes

106
Q

What is IgA produced by

A

Plasma cells of MALT

107
Q

What antibody is the least common?

A

IgD

108
Q

What is IgD involved with?

A

development and maturation of antibody resposen

109
Q

How prevalent is IgE?

A

barely detectable in serum, tightly bound in Fc region

110
Q

What do antigens do to IgE?

A

they bind two adjacent IgE molecules carried by mast cell

111
Q

IgE is important in eliminating what

A

parasitic worms

112
Q

How is allergies related to IgE?

A

basophils and mast cells release chemicals when IgE binds to harmless foods and cause reaction

113
Q

Colonal selection applies to what cell?

A

B cells and T cells

114
Q

lymphocytes residing in secondary lymphoid organs wait for ______

A

Antigen with correct epitope

115
Q

immature lymphocytes

A

lack fully developed antigen specific receptors

116
Q

Naive lymphocytes

A

have receptors, have not yet encountered appropriate antigen

117
Q

activated lymphocytes

A

have bound antigen and received confirmation, are able to proliferate

118
Q

effector lymphocytes

A

descendents of activated lymphocytes:
plasma cells, Tc cells, Th cells

119
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A

long-lived descendants of activated lymphocytes; responsible for rapid secondary response if antigen is encountered again

120
Q

B cell is activated by ______ antigens

A

T-dependent

121
Q

the fragments of the antigen from B cell receptor is delivered to ______

A

MHC class II molecules for inspection by Th cells: antigen presentation

122
Q

If T cell receptor binds a fragment, T cell activates B cell with cytokines and initiates ______

A

Clonal expansion

123
Q

If no Th cell recognizes peptides, B cell becomes ______

A

Anergic

124
Q

What does anergic result in

A

tolerance to antigen

125
Q

how many days does it take for the antibody accumulation after first exposure

A

10 to 14

126
Q

in primary response, ______ cells continue proliferating and differentiating in presence of antigen, so antibody titer increases

A

Activated B cells

127
Q

in primary response, ______ cells undergo changes that result in production of more effective antibodies

A

Proliferating B cells

128
Q

What is affinity maturation

A

spontaneous mutation occurs in multiplying B cells resulting in changes in B cell receptor

B cells that bind antigen longest proliferate

129
Q

What is class switching

A

Plasma cells normally secrete IgM, Th cells induce B cells to become plasma cells that secrete other antibody classes

130
Q

B cells in lymph nodes switch to

A

IgG

131
Q

B cells in MALT switch to

A

IgA

132
Q

After class switching, ______ cells are formed

A

memory

Microbiology (16 decks)

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