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Microbiology > Lecture 14 Applications of immune response > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Applications of immune response Flashcards

1
Q

seronegative

A

individual not exposed to antigen yet
has no specific antibodies to that pathogen

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2
Q

Seropositive

A

Individual has been exposed to antigen
has produced specific antibodes to pathogen

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3
Q

What is immunoassay

A

Any in vitro test that uses antibody-antigen interactions to detect an antigen in a sample

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4
Q

Antibody concentration is determined by ________

A

serial dilution

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5
Q

________ is reciprocal of last dilution that gives detectable antigen-antibody reaction

A

Titer (concentration_

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6
Q

________ antibodies bind to various epitopes on an antigen

A

Polyclonal antibodies

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7
Q

after animals are immunized, ________ cells response, produce a mix of antibodies

A

multiple B cells

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8
Q

More ________ antigens will yield more antibodies

A

complex

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9
Q

________ are obtained from animals immunized with IgG from human serum

A

anti human IgG

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10
Q

________ recognize a single epitope

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

________ antibodies are produced only in the laboratory

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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12
Q

Mabs can be used in

A

immunoassays or in therapy

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13
Q

Obiltoxaximab was produced by ________

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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14
Q

What is rhuMab

A

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody

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15
Q

What are differences of RbuMab over Mab

A

Longer half-life
immune system less likely to destroy antibodies
medications end in -zumab
used to treat cancers

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16
Q

Direct immunoassay

A

identify unknown antigen

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17
Q

in direct immunoassay, antigen is attached to

A

solid surface

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18
Q

indirect immunoassay

A

detect specific antibodies

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19
Q

in indirect immunoassay, known antigen is attached to surface, ________ is added

A

serum

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20
Q

In indirect immunoassay, ________ antibodies are added

A

secondary antibodies

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21
Q

What are the names of the secondary antibodies added in indirect immunoassay

A

anti-human IgG

22
Q

Fluorescent antibody test uses fluorescence microscope to

A

locate labeled antibodies that are bound to antigens on a microscope slide

23
Q

In fluorescent antibody test, what characteristic of the antigen is seen?

A

sizem shape

24
Q

What is ELISA stand for

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

25
Q

Direct ELISA is when antigen is ________ by antibodies attached to surface

________ antibody added to detect antigens

A

captured
enzyme-labeled

26
Q

Indirect ELISA detects antibodies in ________

A

human blood and serum

27
Q

What is indirect ELISA most commonly used for

A

Blood is screened for antibodies to HIV

28
Q

How ELISA works

enzyme converts ________ to ________, detected using colorimetric assay

A

colorless substrate to colored product

29
Q

A pregnancy test tests for the presence of ________ in urine

A

hCG

30
Q

In a pregnancy test, if hCG is detected, it turns what color?

A

yellow

31
Q

If hCG is present in urine, it binds to ________ and turns the first stripe yellow

A

surface bound antibodies

32
Q

If hCG is present in urine, the second strip contains antibodies to the ________ which turns it yellow

A

Fab region of tagged antibody

33
Q

The second strip on a pregnancy test is a ________

A

control

34
Q

COVID antigen test tests for presence of ________

A

SARS-CoV2 spike antigen

35
Q

in COVID test, ________ solution flows to detection strip containing surface bound antibodies

A

buffer

36
Q

western blotting detects presence of specific protein in ________ mixture like cell lysate

A

Complex

37
Q

in western blotting, proteins are separated by size using ________

A

SDS-PAGE

Type of gel electrophoresis

38
Q

western blotting

proteins are transferred to ________ (blotted)
serum added, unbound antibodies are ________
________ is added
label is detected

A

nylon membrane
washed off
enzyme

39
Q

What does the label on western blotting indicate

A

Which proteins on the blot were recognized by the antibodies in the serum

40
Q

What does fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) do?

A

counts, sorts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies

41
Q

immunoassay may involve visible ________

A

antigen-antibody aggregates

42
Q

Antibodes that cross-link antigens create larger ________ of ________ cells

A

mouthfuls of phagocytic cells

43
Q

Clumped antigen-antibody complexes form the basis of

A

Agglutination, precipitation reactions

44
Q

agglutination cross-links ________ particles

A

Large particles like cells

45
Q

What is the direct agglutination test

A

Antibody mixes with antigen and binding causes clumping

46
Q

________ is used for blood typing

A

Hemagglutination

47
Q

________ agglutination used with antigens are small

A

Passive

48
Q

in passive agglutination, antibodies are attached to ________ to form larger aggregates

A

Latex beads

49
Q

in precipitation reactions, antibodies are bound to ________ antigens

A

soluble

50
Q

in precipitation reactions, separate suspensions are placed near each other and allowed to ________

A

Diffuse, immunodiffusion

51
Q

precipitate forms in zone of ________

A

optimal proportions

Microbiology (16 decks)

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