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medications and behavior > Neuro psych Quiz 2.2 > Flashcards

Neuro psych Quiz 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by a neuron that affect another neuron

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2
Q

What are the major categories of neurotransmitters?

A

1) Amino acids
2) monoamines
3) acetylcholine
4) neuropeptides
5) purines
6) gases

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3
Q

Amino acids

A

Acids containing an amine group (NH2)

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4
Q

monoamines

A

Chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids

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5
Q

acetylcholine

A

a chemical similar to an amino acid, except that it includes an N(CH3)3 group instead of an NH2

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6
Q

neuropeptides

A

chains of amino acids

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7
Q

purines

A

a category of chemicals including adenosine and its derivatives

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8
Q

gases

A

nitric oxide and others

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9
Q

what is the oddest transmitter?

A

Nitric oxide

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10
Q

What does a highly active brain area do to increase its blood supply?

A

it releases nitric oxide which dilates the blood vessels in the area and increases blood flow.

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11
Q

Catecholamines

A

compounds that contain a catechol group and an amine group (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

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12
Q

vesicles

A

tiny spherical packets that store high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules.

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13
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

breaks down transmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) into inactive chemicals

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14
Q

What was the first antidepressant drugs that psychiatrists discovered?

A

MAO inhibitors

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

bursts of release of neurotransmitter from from the presynaptic neuron after calcium enters the terminal

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16
Q

ionotropic effects

A

effects begin quickly and decay swiftly. Good for visual, auditory, and any other information that needs to be given swiftly

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17
Q

transmitter-gated/ligand-gated channels

A

channels controlled by a neurotransmitter

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18
Q

What is the most common ionotropic inhibitory

A

GABA

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19
Q

metabotropic effects

A

initiates a sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower, and longer lasting

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20
Q

G-protein

A

a protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate, an energy storing molecule

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21
Q

second messenger

A

communicates to many areas in the cell (cAMP)

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22
Q

neuromodulators/neuropeptides

A

synthesized in the cell body, released from dendrites, cell body, and sides of axon, released by repeated depolarization, release the neuropeptides at neighboring cells, diffuse to a wide area, and last for several minutes.

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23
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

drugs that distort perception, such as LSD

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24
Q

Nicotine

A

compound present in tobacco, stimulates a family of acetylcholine receptors

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25
Q

Opiate drugs

A

Derived from the opium poppy

26
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks down acetylcholine

27
Q

catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

A

enzyme that breaks down any transmitter molecules not taken up by transporters

28
Q

Examples of stimulant drugs that inhibit the transporters for dopamine

A

amphetamine and cocaine

29
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

stimulant drug for ADHD

30
Q

What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

acetylcholinesterase breaks int down into acetate and choline which are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal

31
Q

What happens to 5-HT and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

Most are reabsorbed by pre terminal. Some are broken down into inactive chemicals

32
Q

How do amphetamines and cocaine influence dopamine synapes?

A

They interfere with reuptake and release of dopamine

33
Q

Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs similar mechanisms?

A

The effects develop and decline in the brain slower than cocaine.

34
Q

auto receptors

A

receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release.

35
Q

What are two neurons that respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release?

A

anandamide and 2-AG

36
Q

Cannabinoids

A

Active ingredient in marihuana. bind to anandamide or 2-AG on presynaptic terminals

37
Q

How do cannabinoids affect neurons?

A

Cannabinoids released by the postsynaptic neuron attach to receptors on presynaptic neurons, where they inhibit further release of both glutamate and GABA

38
Q

gap junction

A

Where the membrane of one neuron comes in touch with the membrane of another.

39
Q

hormone

A

a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells

40
Q

Two types of hormones composed of chains of amino acids that attach to membrane receptors and activate a second messenger.

A

protein hormones (longer) and peptide hormones (shorter)

41
Q

Two parts of pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior (considered an extension of hypothalamus)

42
Q

What hormones does neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

43
Q

releasing hormones

A

released by hypothalamus. flow to anterior pituitary through blood. Stimulate or inhibit release of other hormones

44
Q

Which part of the pituitary is neural tissue similar to the hypothalamus?

A

posterior

45
Q

Which part of the pituitary is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other endocrine organs?

A

anterior

46
Q

in what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

1) most neurotransmitters are released in small amounts close to receptors
2) Neuropeptides are released into a brain area in larger amounts or not at all and diffuse more widely
3) Hormones are released into the blood for diffuse delivery throughout the body

47
Q

What was Leowi’s evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicals?

A

He stimulated one frog’s heart, collected fluid around it, transferred it to another frog’s heart, and saw change in its heart rate.

48
Q

What are the brain’s neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate
GABA
Serotonin

49
Q

The amino acid tryptophan is a precursor to which neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

50
Q

How could you cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its transmitter without an action potential?

A

Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal

51
Q

The brain’s most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is what

A

Glutamate

52
Q

The brain’s most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter is what

A

GABA

53
Q

In what ways does a metabotropic synapse differ from an ionotropic synapse?

A

Its effects are slower to start and last longer

54
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse

55
Q

What is true of neuropeptides?

A

They are released in large quantities or not at all

56
Q

What drug exerts its behavioral effects by binding to the same receptor as a neurotransmitter?

A

Nicotine

57
Q

Which neurotransmitter is broken into two pieces to inactivate it, after it excites the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

58
Q

What does a transporter protein do at a synapse?

A

It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron

59
Q

Except for the magnitude of speed of effects, methylphenidate affects synapse the same way as what other drug?

A

Cocaine

60
Q

What drug acts by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons?

A

Cannabinoids

61
Q

In contrast to the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary…

A

Is glandular tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs

medications and behavior (40 decks)

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