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Medications and Behavior > Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. (What the drug does to the body)

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2
Q

What type of injection has the fastest absorption time?

A

Intravenous

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3
Q

What is the drug route?

A

Drug first passes through membrane of gastric system, skin, muscle, fat, lining of lungs and capillaries.

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane made out of?

A

Two layers of phospholipid molecules with negatively charged hydrophobic heads.

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5
Q

How do molecules pass through the cell membrane?

A

They are carried through by proteins imbedded in the cell membrane or if they are fat-soluble by diffusion.

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6
Q

What can an accumulation of drugs lead to?

A

Side effects and toxicity

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7
Q

What does an accumulation of Tylenol affect?

A

The liver

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8
Q

What does an accumulation of Advil affect?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

Example of drugs accumulating in the body as they pass through the many systems?

A

Rain and drainage system

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10
Q

What can drugs bind to in order to not be metabolized?

A

Fat

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11
Q

What kind of solubility do psychotropics have?

A

High lipid solubility

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12
Q

Blood Brain Barrier(BBB)

A

More difficult for substances to pass through

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13
Q

How do fat-soluble substances pass through the BBB?

A

Through diffusion

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14
Q

Where is the BBB?

A

It is the tight junctions between astrocytic (glial cells) end feet and capillary endothelial cells.

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15
Q

Drugs are metabolized in what?

A

The liver

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16
Q

Drugs are excreted through what?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

Excretion is slower with what and this makes drugs stay in the system for how long?

A

Excretion is slower with age so drugs stays in system longer

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18
Q

how much blood does a kidney filter each minute?

A

1 liter

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19
Q

Drug half-life

A

the amount of time it takes for a drug’s initial tissue equilibrium level to be decreased by metabolism and elimination by 50 percent (half of its peak level)

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20
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

A

How much of a drug do we give?

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21
Q

Should we give maximum level of drug to provide a maximum therapeutic effect?

A

No, All drugs have a therapeutic window in which beneficial effects are maximized and side effects minimized

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22
Q

What is an example of Dose-Response Relationship

A

Over the counter pain meds

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23
Q

Describe the Dose Response curve for Oxycodone…

A

For analgesia it rises rapidly from 0.01 - 0.05. After 0.10 there is little increase. However, dose response curve for respiratory depression rises gradually from doses 0.05 - 0.25. Doses exceeding 0.30 respiratory depression is almost certain

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24
Q

Threshold Dose:

A

Minimally effective dose (just large enough to produce detectable change)

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25
Maximum dose
greatest degree of response achievable with drug
26
Effective Dose (ED)
median effective dose-work for 50% of people
27
Lethal Dose (LD)
minimal dose that is capable of producing death in a certain percentage
28
Therapeutic Index(TI)
Relationship between lethality and effectiveness (margin of safety)
29
Tolerance
Effectiveness diminishes with repeated administration
30
Can dose response curves change over time?
Yes
31
What has the fastest tolerance?
Opiates
32
Cross tolerance
Tolerance to all drugs in that class
33
What is an example of Cross tolerance?
Developing a tolerance to oxycodone means tolerance of other opiates
34
Metabolic Tolerance
Metabolic enzyme production increases with continued exposure to drug which leads to more rapid metabolism.
35
Tolerance is a shift to the what on the dose response curve?
The right
36
What is it called when cells adapt to repeated exposure to drugs?
Cellular Tolerance
37
What happens when drugs increase availability of neurotransmitters?
Downregulation occurs.
38
What does Downregulation in cellular tolerance include?
The number of postsynaptic receptors is reduced
39
What happens to autoreceptors in cellular tolerance?
The autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron slow down firing activity which decreases the amount of NT made
40
What happens to metabotropic receptors during cellular tolerance?
They may become internalized.
41
How might the expression or internalization of receptors be shown?
May happen rapidly and underlie the dynamics of conditioned tolerance
42
What is it called when tolerance can be displayed in one context but not another?
Associative tolerance
43
What study shows Associative tolerance?
Rat and morphine study by Siegel in 1975
44
What happened in the Siegel's 1975 study?
Rats developed tolerance to morphine and when half the rats were given a typically lethal dose only the rats in a new environment showed signs of overdose.
45
Associative tolerance is the result of what?
Classical conditioning
46
Results of classical conditioning in associative tolerance...
Cues of the environment (conditioned stimuli associated with drug onset (unconditioned stimulus) come to elicit conditioned tolerance (conditioned response)
47
When can extinction of associative tolerance occur?
When animals are exposed to the conditioned stimuli without the drug
48
When can tolerance reappear after extinction?
After one dose of morphine/heroin in the same environment
49
What is the mechanism of associative tolerance even with extinction and reappearance of tolerance?
Still receptor downregulation
50
What is the Hamilton rating scale?
A scale for depression
51
Pharmacodynamics
What the body does to the drug
52
What does the liver break down drugs to be?
More hydrophillic
53
What is cytochrome P450?
liver enzyme responsible for metabolism of may psychoative drugs
54
Do we know the precise neural mechanisms of associative tolerance?
No
55
What is another name for behavioral tolerance?
State dependent learning
56
What binds to and activates receptor sites?
Agonist
57
Example of serotonin agonist
Blocking the reuptake of NT (SSRIs block reuptake of 5HT which leads to more 5HT available in synaptic cleft.
58
What does LSD have a high affinity for?
5HT receptors
59
What is an example of a GABA agonist?
ETOH
60
What blocks neurotransmission?
Antagonist
61
Example of the antagonistic effect?
Narcan (naloxone) competing for same receptors as heroin (opiate antagonist)
62
What does reserpine antagonize?
DA, NE, and 5HT

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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