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Medications and Behavior > Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. (What the drug does to the body)

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2
Q

What type of injection has the fastest absorption time?

A

Intravenous

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3
Q

What is the drug route?

A

Drug first passes through membrane of gastric system, skin, muscle, fat, lining of lungs and capillaries.

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane made out of?

A

Two layers of phospholipid molecules with negatively charged hydrophobic heads.

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5
Q

How do molecules pass through the cell membrane?

A

They are carried through by proteins imbedded in the cell membrane or if they are fat-soluble by diffusion.

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6
Q

What can an accumulation of drugs lead to?

A

Side effects and toxicity

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7
Q

What does an accumulation of Tylenol affect?

A

The liver

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8
Q

What does an accumulation of Advil affect?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

Example of drugs accumulating in the body as they pass through the many systems?

A

Rain and drainage system

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10
Q

What can drugs bind to in order to not be metabolized?

A

Fat

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11
Q

What kind of solubility do psychotropics have?

A

High lipid solubility

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12
Q

Blood Brain Barrier(BBB)

A

More difficult for substances to pass through

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13
Q

How do fat-soluble substances pass through the BBB?

A

Through diffusion

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14
Q

Where is the BBB?

A

It is the tight junctions between astrocytic (glial cells) end feet and capillary endothelial cells.

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15
Q

Drugs are metabolized in what?

A

The liver

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16
Q

Drugs are excreted through what?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

Excretion is slower with what and this makes drugs stay in the system for how long?

A

Excretion is slower with age so drugs stays in system longer

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18
Q

how much blood does a kidney filter each minute?

A

1 liter

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19
Q

Drug half-life

A

the amount of time it takes for a drug’s initial tissue equilibrium level to be decreased by metabolism and elimination by 50 percent (half of its peak level)

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20
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

A

How much of a drug do we give?

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21
Q

Should we give maximum level of drug to provide a maximum therapeutic effect?

A

No, All drugs have a therapeutic window in which beneficial effects are maximized and side effects minimized

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22
Q

What is an example of Dose-Response Relationship

A

Over the counter pain meds

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23
Q

Describe the Dose Response curve for Oxycodone…

A

For analgesia it rises rapidly from 0.01 - 0.05. After 0.10 there is little increase. However, dose response curve for respiratory depression rises gradually from doses 0.05 - 0.25. Doses exceeding 0.30 respiratory depression is almost certain

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24
Q

Threshold Dose:

A

Minimally effective dose (just large enough to produce detectable change)

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25
Q

Maximum dose

A

greatest degree of response achievable with drug

26
Q

Effective Dose (ED)

A

median effective dose-work for 50% of people

27
Q

Lethal Dose (LD)

A

minimal dose that is capable of producing death in a certain percentage

28
Q

Therapeutic Index(TI)

A

Relationship between lethality and effectiveness (margin of safety)

29
Q

Tolerance

A

Effectiveness diminishes with repeated administration

30
Q

Can dose response curves change over time?

A

Yes

31
Q

What has the fastest tolerance?

A

Opiates

32
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Tolerance to all drugs in that class

33
Q

What is an example of Cross tolerance?

A

Developing a tolerance to oxycodone means tolerance of other opiates

34
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Metabolic enzyme production increases with continued exposure to drug which leads to more rapid metabolism.

35
Q

Tolerance is a shift to the what on the dose response curve?

A

The right

36
Q

What is it called when cells adapt to repeated exposure to drugs?

A

Cellular Tolerance

37
Q

What happens when drugs increase availability of neurotransmitters?

A

Downregulation occurs.

38
Q

What does Downregulation in cellular tolerance include?

A

The number of postsynaptic receptors is reduced

39
Q

What happens to autoreceptors in cellular tolerance?

A

The autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron slow down firing activity which decreases the amount of NT made

40
Q

What happens to metabotropic receptors during cellular tolerance?

A

They may become internalized.

41
Q

How might the expression or internalization of receptors be shown?

A

May happen rapidly and underlie the dynamics of conditioned tolerance

42
Q

What is it called when tolerance can be displayed in one context but not another?

A

Associative tolerance

43
Q

What study shows Associative tolerance?

A

Rat and morphine study by Siegel in 1975

44
Q

What happened in the Siegel’s 1975 study?

A

Rats developed tolerance to morphine and when half the rats were given a typically lethal dose only the rats in a new environment showed signs of overdose.

45
Q

Associative tolerance is the result of what?

A

Classical conditioning

46
Q

Results of classical conditioning in associative tolerance…

A

Cues of the environment (conditioned stimuli associated with drug onset (unconditioned stimulus) come to elicit conditioned tolerance (conditioned response)

47
Q

When can extinction of associative tolerance occur?

A

When animals are exposed to the conditioned stimuli without the drug

48
Q

When can tolerance reappear after extinction?

A

After one dose of morphine/heroin in the same environment

49
Q

What is the mechanism of associative tolerance even with extinction and reappearance of tolerance?

A

Still receptor downregulation

50
Q

What is the Hamilton rating scale?

A

A scale for depression

51
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the body does to the drug

52
Q

What does the liver break down drugs to be?

A

More hydrophillic

53
Q

What is cytochrome P450?

A

liver enzyme responsible for metabolism of may psychoative drugs

54
Q

Do we know the precise neural mechanisms of associative tolerance?

A

No

55
Q

What is another name for behavioral tolerance?

A

State dependent learning

56
Q

What binds to and activates receptor sites?

A

Agonist

57
Q

Example of serotonin agonist

A

Blocking the reuptake of NT (SSRIs block reuptake of 5HT which leads to more 5HT available in synaptic cleft.

58
Q

What does LSD have a high affinity for?

A

5HT receptors

59
Q

What is an example of a GABA agonist?

A

ETOH

60
Q

What blocks neurotransmission?

A

Antagonist

61
Q

Example of the antagonistic effect?

A

Narcan (naloxone) competing for same receptors as heroin (opiate antagonist)

62
Q

What does reserpine antagonize?

A

DA, NE, and 5HT

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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