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Medications and Behavior > Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Neurons are there?

A

200 Billion (some say 100)

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2
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Bridge communication between sensory and motor in CNS

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3
Q

What are the 3 Neuron classes?

A

1) Sensory
2) Motor
3) Interneurons

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4
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A

Ascending messages TO CNS from PNS

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5
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

Descending messages FROM CNS back TO PNS

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Pressure to move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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7
Q

Electrostatic

A

Similarly charge ions repel each other

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8
Q

What are the resting potentials?

A

1) Diffusion
2) Electrostatic

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9
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

neuron fires at one level of intensity

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10
Q

What is the caveat to all or none law?

A

Number of neurons affected and frequency of firing can change with different intensities of stimuli

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11
Q

What affects the speed of neurons?

A

longer neurons and myelinated neurons make speed faster.

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12
Q

Saltatory (dancing) conduction

A

The way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

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13
Q

What is released when action potential reaches terminal button and what does it release?

A

Calcium is released and it triggers the release of NT.

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14
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins or amino acids located on the postsynaptic membrane (PSP)

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15
Q

What are receptors like?

A

A lock and key (each has a specific molecular configuration that allows substances to bind with it)

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16
Q

What are the two receptor types?

A

1) Ionotropic
2) Metabotropic

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17
Q

Which receptor type controls the ion channel directly?

A

Ionotropic

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18
Q

What does the binding of NT lead to in ionotropic receptors?

A

The opening of ion channels

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19
Q

Which receptor type quickly depolarize postsynaptic membrane?

A

Ionotropic

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20
Q

Which receptor type exerts its effects indirectly?

A

Metabotropic

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21
Q

Which receptor types requires a G protein to trigger the chain reaction that activates a second messenger?

A

Metabotropic

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22
Q

What is the chain reaction that a G protein triggers in a metabotropic receptor?

A

G protein triggers chain reaction that activates second messenger, cAMP, which then activates 3rd protein that controls ion channel

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23
Q

Which receptor is slower action and remains open or closed longer?

A

Metabotropic

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24
Q

What happens to remaining NT?

A

It is broken down by enzymes and then returns to terminal buttons OR returns intact (Reuptake)

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25
What is the most important excitatory?
Glutamate
26
What is the most important inhibitory?
GABA
27
What Synapses depolarizes the membrane?
EPSP (Excitatory)
28
What Synapses hyperpolarizes the membrane?
IPSP (Inhibitory)
29
Where are autoreceptors located?
on the sending cell that regulate activity of that neuron
30
What does an autoreceptor do?
Modulates amount of NT released through a second messenger system
31
What receptor is more specific for certain NT and have more potential for drugs without side effects?
Autoreceptors
32
Neuron specific
Autoreceptors
33
Heteroreceptors
Not neuron specific
34
What is the imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain?
Neuraxis
35
What are anatomical directions understood relative to?
Neuraxis
36
What is toward the head (beak)
Anterior (rostral)
37
What is towards the tail?
Posterior (caudal)
38
What is toward the belly?
Ventral (inferior)
39
What is toward the back (top of head)
Dorsal (superior)
40
What is same side of brain?
Ipsilateral
41
What is opposite side of brain?
Contralateral
42
What are the planes of the brain?
1) Sagittal 2) Coronal (transverse) 3) Horizontal
43
What forms the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres?
The cerebral cortex (bark)
44
How thick is the Cerebral Cortex?
3mm thick roughly
45
What is the cortex convoluted by?
grooves
46
What type of grooves are there on the Cortex?
1) Sulci (small grooves) 2) Fissures (large grooves)
47
What are Bulges in the cortex called?
gyri
48
What is the cortex primarily composed of?
Cells with give it its gray appearance (gray matter)
49
What is the Subcortical Region
1) It contains limbic system and basal ganglia 2) called white matter because of large concentrations of myelin around axons
50
Who first discovered the chemical agent for acetylcholine?
Otto Leowi in 1920s
51
What is acetylcholine made of?
1) Choline in dietary fat 2) Glucose metabolism
52
Muscarinic receptors
Metabotropic smooth and cardiac muscle
53
Nicotinic
ionotropic Skeletal muscle
54
What is acetylcholine terminated by?
acetylcholinterase (enzyme)
55
What is norepinephrine synthesized from?
From dietary tyrosine (Part of the catecholamines with dopamine)
56
What is norepinephrine terminated by?
1) Reuptake 2) Enzymatic deactivation by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
57
What receptor does norepinephrine go with?
Metabotropic receptors
58
Domaine
1) It is a Catecholamine 2) Metabotropic receptors 3) Synthesis and breakdown similar to NE
59
What are the Dopamine Pathways?
1) Nigro-striatal system 2) Mesolimbic system 3) Mesocortical system 4) Tuberoinfundibular system
60
Nigro-striatal system
Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen (parts of basal ganglia) 2) Disrupts results in Parkinson's
61
Mesolimbic system
1) Reward system e.g. Remembering pleasure 2) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) to Nucleus accumbens
62
Mesocortial system
1) Reward system e.g. Seeking to repeat pleasure 2) VTA to prefrontal cortex (e.g. resourceful efforts to acquire drug)
63
Tuberoinfundibular system
Regulates prolactin in anterior pituitary
64
Serotonin
Monoamine - indolamine like histamine but NOT a catecholamine
65
What kind of receptors does Serotonin have?
Mostly metabotropic
66
What is Serotonin synthesized from?
Tryptophan
67
Examples of tryptophan...
Dairy products, soy products, meats, poultry, nuts, eggs, seeds, fruit, whole grains, chocolate and seafood
68
Does eating a lot of turkey at Thanksgiving increase SE and make you sleepy?
Not really, SE changes slightly but you do get a carb overload at Thanksgiving.
69
What is serotonin terminated by?
Reuptake and enzymatic deactivation
70
Does Glutamate allow positively charge ions or negatively charged ions in?
Positively charged (Na+ and Ca+)
71
Does Glutamate have long-term or short-term potentiation?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
72
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Post synaptic membrane is actually changed to depolarize more readily
73
What kind of receptors does Glutamate have?
Ionotropic and metabotropic
74
What does Glutamate come from?
protein or ingested directly (MSG)
75
What happens if you have too much glutamate? What is excessive exposure called?
Too much leads to dizziness an numbness or cell death. Excessive exposure is called excitotoxity
76
What terminates Glutamate?
Reuptake
77
GABA
Gamma-amino-butyric acid
78
What receptors does GABA have?
Ionotropic and metabotropic
79
How does GABA inhibit?
By allowing more negatively charge ions into cell
80
What is GABA synthesized from?
Glutamate
81
How is GABA terminated?
Reuptake
82
Endorphins
Endorphins are peptides (small proteins) that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. An endorphin is a type of neurotransmitter.
83
What do endorphins do?
1) endogenous opiates 2) Inhibitory metabotropic receptors
84
What is muscarinic?
Smooth muslces

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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