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Medications and Behavior > Neuro psych Quiz 4.2/4.1 > Flashcards

Neuro psych Quiz 4.2/4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

How large is the brain at birth?

A

350 grams

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2
Q

How large is the brain at 1yr?

A

1,000 grams

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3
Q

How large is the brain as an adult?

A

1,200 - 1,400 grams

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4
Q

What are the 5 stages of the Development of Neurons?

A

1) Proliferation
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Myelination
5) Synaptogenesis

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5
Q

Proliferation

A

Production of new cells. Cells lining the ventricles of the brain divide - SOME cells remain & become “stem cells” - Continuing to divide. OTHERS become primitive neurons & glia that migrate to their location.

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6
Q

Migration

A

Neurons move toward their eventual destination in brain.

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7
Q

What do Immunoglobulms & chemokines that guide the migration of neurons lead to a deficit in?

A

1) Impaired migration
2) decreased brain size
3) mental retardation

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8
Q

Differentiation

A

forming axon & dendrites for unique shape.

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9
Q

What grows first, the axon or dendrite?

A

the axon

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10
Q

When does the dendrite grow?

A

when it gets to its destination

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11
Q

Myelination

A

slower stage whereby the glia produce insulated sheaths

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12
Q

How long does myelination go?

A

It continues gradually into early adulthood &is much slower that proliferation, migration, or differentiation.

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13
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapse - begins before birth & and continues through life as neurons from new synapses and discard old ones. However, this process slows down in most older people

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14
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

exposure to alcohol while in the womb

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15
Q

The ——- a pregnant mother drinks, the ——– ——— the child will be

A

more, more, impulsive

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16
Q

What are effects of FAS?

A

1) impulsivity
2) decreased alertness
3) facial abnormalities
4) hyperactivity
5) decrease IQ

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17
Q

What happens when a child with FAS reaches adulthood?

A

they are at a high risk of….
1) high risk of alcoholism
2) high risk of drug dependance
3) depression
4) psychiatric d/o
5) anger

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18
Q

What does a use of cocaine while pregnant lead to?

A

1) decrease IQ
2) decrease language skills
3) severe neurological impairments
4) decrease attentiveness

19
Q

What does a use of tobacco while pregnant lead to?

A

1) decrease birth weight
2) decrease immune system
3) SIDS
4) long-term IQ deficits
5) ADHD
6) delinquency/crime (especially sons)

20
Q

Why do woodpeckers not have brain damage?

A
21
Q

Closed head injuries

A

sharp blow to head that does not puncture skull
- forces drive the brain tissue against inside of skull
- blot clots interrupt normal blood flow to brain

22
Q

What happens when you have repeated blows to the head?

A

1) serious memory loss
2) loss of reasoning
3) loss of movement control
4) loss of emotional balance

23
Q

Sports that lead to head injuries

A

1) boxing
2) hockey
3) football
4) soccer

24
Q

BEFAST (for strokes)

A

Balance: sudden loss of balance
Eyes: double or loss of vision suddenly
Face: ask them to smile - one side droops
Arms: ask them to raise both arms - one may drift downward
Speech: ask them to repeat phrase - speech is slurred/strange
Time: call 9-1-1 if any signs are present

25
Q

How many waves do strokes kill neurons in?

A

2
1) those in the vicinity of the ischemia/hemorrhage
2) cells in the PENUMBRA (surrounding region) are threatened and may die over next few days/weeks. They are invaded by waste products from dying cells

26
Q

Ischemia (more common)

A

(blocked blood vessel) leads to cells in penumbra LOSE oxygen & glucose due to a clot in the artery

27
Q

Hemorrhage (least common)

A

(burst blood vessel) leads to cells in penumbra FLOODED with oxygen, calcium & other blood products.

28
Q

The BBB has broken down in strokes so….

A

EDEMA forms (swelling caused by accumulation of fluid) causing increase pressure on the brain causing more strokes.

29
Q

Sodium potassium pump in strokes

A

slows down causing an accumulation of sodium inside neurons.

30
Q

What does the combination of edema & excess sodium cause glia cells to do?

A

dump glutamate & other neurotransmitters they had been storing.

31
Q

What does this excess glutamate do?

A

it overstimulates neurons & kills neurons & synapses. As the neurons die, microglia cells proliferate - removing waste product

32
Q

Treatment for stroke?

A

quickly administering tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) which breaks up blood clots (can cause hemorrhage)

33
Q

Since tPA could cause a hemorrhage, why do they normally give it when one has a stroke?

A

Because a hemorrhage is less common and fatal anyway

34
Q

What promotes recovery from a stroke?

A

1) avoid tranquilizers (it impairs recovery)
2) use stimulant drugs a few days after the stroke
3) keep patient cold (91 - 97 degrees F) for first 3 days.
a) ice packs, injections of cool liquid into blood, drugs that lower body temp
4) Exposure to cannabinoids
a) put brakes on glutamate (glutamate is reason for cell loss)
b) they have anti-inflammatory effects

35
Q

Phantom Limb Syndrome

A

body part is amputated yet there is a continuing sensation as a result of BRAIN REORGANIZATION (rewire) the greater the reorganization of the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX, the more LIKELY and more INTENSE the phantom sensations.

36
Q

What might phantom sensations feel like?

A

1) burning
2) shooting
3) pins & needles
4) crushing
5) electric shock
6) movement
7) temperature
8) pressure
9) vibration
10) itch

37
Q

TXs for PLS

A

1) antidepressants (Elavil, Ultram),
2) anticonvulsants (Tegretol, Lyrica),
3) Opioids (codeine, morphine)

38
Q

Non drug TXs for PLS

A

1) Nerve stimulation (TENS) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
2) mirror image - “seeing” the phantom limb tricks the brain into thinking you have two limbs as you do therapy
3) Acupuncture - thin needles inserted in skin to prompt pain relieving chemicals
4) Lifestyle choices - distract self from pain, stay physically active, relaxation techniques

39
Q

Though one may lose a limb, the brain connections remain plastic (constantly changing) throughout life.

A
40
Q

——— ——- recover from brain damage better than —– ——- ——

A

Younger adults, very old adults

41
Q

Who loses neurons throughout life?

A

everyone

42
Q

What happens to the brain in people over 60?

A

their dendrites might shrink in certain brain areas (especially in senile people) Senior citizens who stay alert may not experience any shrinkage

43
Q

Kennard Principle

A

the degree of recovery from brain damage is MORE complete in CHILDREN than ADULTS - especially if child’s brain damage is confined to ONE hemisphere.

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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