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DNA: Identity, Disease, Design > Exam 2 prep > Flashcards

Exam 2 prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wild type allele?

A

It is the most common in the population. has the highest allele frequency charts. (ex: brown eyes might be the wild type allele rather than blue)

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2
Q

If none of the alleles of a person match a parent, is that their parent?

A

No.

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3
Q

What is the locus frequency?

A

The genetic probability for any STR locus

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4
Q

What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?

A

2 different alleles or 2 of the same alleles.

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5
Q

What is the profile frequency?

A

Looking at multiple loci, multiple locations for one person. You would multiply the locus frequencies together.

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6
Q

Are alleles the same for all populations?

A

No. This is for general caucasian population. Different allele frequencies for different populations

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7
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation

A

Transcription: RNA being copied from DNA with RNA polymerase. It’s Complementary to the temple strand. Translation: Ribosomes and TRNA to read the codons (set of 3 base pairs) to make a chain of amino acids.

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8
Q

What is an allele?

A

the number of repeats that a person has on one of their chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a genotype?

A

It is their set of alleles (7, 7 or 8, 10, etc)

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10
Q

By running PCR, and then running it on a gel – we can do what?

A

DNA profiling

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11
Q

What is a DNA ladder?

A

It is on a gel and shows the solution of DNA molecules

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12
Q

What can dna profiling be useful for?

A

crime scenes, relationships with parentage, siblings, etc.

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13
Q

Explain 3 differences between DNA vs RNA

A

RNA uses uracil and DNA uses thyronine. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. DNA uses deoxyribose sugar and RNA uses the sugar ribose.

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14
Q

What is one way you could know if something is already transcribed?

A

Because you will see uracil instead of thyronine

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15
Q

What are missense mutations?

A

Missense mutation are differences in amino acids which causes genetic alteration.

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16
Q

What are silent mutations?

A

Silent mutations are changes that don’t affect the amino acids or the genetics.

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17
Q

What are nonsense mutations?

A

a mutation that causes a stop codon.

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18
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

a method used by scientists to separate large molecules, such as DNA, by length, and determine how big they are.

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19
Q

What are gels usually made of?

A

agarose that is collected from seaweed (looks like expensive jello)

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20
Q

In what order should the numbers be listed?

A

Scientists traditionally write the smaller number first, and the bigger number second.

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21
Q

What does it mean when only one band is present on a gel?

A

That means that they have a double allele (ex: 12, 12, or 10,10)

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22
Q

What is the allele frequency?

A

The odds of an individual selected at random from a population possessing at least one copy of a certain allele at a given locus. This number is often expressed as a decimal number.

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23
Q

What is an allelic marker?

A

A column in a gel that serves as a reference, indicating how far DNA segments of various lengths will travel through the gel. Also sometimes referred to as a DNA Ladder.

24
Q

What is a base pair?

A

Two complimentary DNA nucleotides located on opposite strands that are hydrogen bonded (ex CG and AT). Also abbreviated “bp”

25
Q

How do you count a base pair?

A

A and T are one pair and C and G are one pair. They go together and so even if a double stranded DNA has 24 bases, it would be 12 base pairs

26
Q

What is CODIS and what does it stand for?

A

Combined DNA Index System and it’s a nationwide database of criminal dna records operated by the FBI. It contains records detailing the STR alleles carried on twenty different loci by anyone that has been arrested in the United States, dating back to the year 1998. Many other countries have similar databases, including China, Canada, Great Britain, and almost every country in continental Europe.

27
Q

Explain junk regions

A

They are chromosomal DNA that has no apparent function. examples include satellite regions, insulators, introns, and telomeres.

28
Q

Define a locus

A

A specific location, or “address”, on a chromosome where a specific gene or STR string is found

29
Q

What is PCR?

A

An abbreviation for “Polymerase Chain Reaction”. It is a laboratory technique used to replicate short DNA segments outside of a cell with a test tube.

30
Q

Explain the big difference between PCR process and DNA replication?

A

Unlike the process of DNA Replication, which takes place in the cell, PCR only requires one enzyme: Taq Polymerase. This is because purchasing enzymes for laboratory use is very expensive, so, to keep PCR economical, we want to use as few enzymes as possible. It is important to note that PCR uses DNA primers, as opposed to the RNA primers used in cellular DNA replication.

31
Q

Name the 3 steps of the PCR process

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Elongation
32
Q

What does STR stand for?

A

Short Tandem Repeats

33
Q

What is STR?

A

They are segments of junk DNA consisting of varying numbers of repeating sequences, each repeat just a few bases long. Often referred to by the abbreviation “STR”.

34
Q

What is forensic profiling?

A

the study of dna and trace evidence in order to find information that can be used by authorities.

35
Q

What are post-translational modifications?

A

Proteins often need modifications to work properly. PTM regulates protein and cell activity. It activates different sites in the protein. It tags proteins for destruction, and helps with folding. Polypeptides become proteins.
Proteins gain their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.
Pieces of a polypeptide or protein are occaisionally clipped off or altered.

36
Q

What is “primary protein structure”?

A

a form of folding: the sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein with a polypeptide chain.

37
Q

What is “secondary protein structure”?

A

a form of folding: the primary structure folds in different ways. that is depended on the amino acid arrangement it has. It’s like the backbone.

38
Q

What is “tertiary protein structure”?

A

This is a form of folding that continues and focuses more on the R group: side chains. It can define and change behavior for certain amino acids.

39
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

The process of making proteins

40
Q

Enzymes are frequently proteins. T or F

A

True

41
Q

What is an R group

A

A side chain

42
Q

What is Quaternary structure?

A

Proteins can be made with more than one polypeptide chains and so hydrogen bonds can fold to keep them together

43
Q

How does the folding process begin?

A

Proteins often have help in the folding process such as chaperonins. This can help it be folded correctly so it’s functional.

44
Q

What is ribosome?

A

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

45
Q

T/F there are many diseases that are related to mis-folded proteins

A

True.

46
Q

What is denatured?

A

the Protein structure can be interfered and make it not work the way it’s supposed to. denaturing a protein can sometimes be irreversible and sometimes it is reversible.

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Often a protein. Enzymes are the biological form of what chemists call “catalysts”. Enzymes have the ability to affect a reaction in a way that these three conditions are met far more easily and much, much more frequently and reliably. An enzyme’s name will almost always end with the suffix “-ase”. If you see “-ase” at the end of the word, it means “enzyme”.

48
Q

What are the little letters included before DNA or RNA sometimes?

A

They are an abbreviation that describes the role of that molecule

49
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

A

They are very similar but it doesn’t become a protein without folding. A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids, and a protein is a polypeptide that has been folded into its specific 3-dimensional shape.Think of it like a piece of paper before turning into a paper airplane. The folding into a 3d structure is what makes it a protein. They are based on peptide bonds.

50
Q

What is the direction of synthesis for RNA Polymerase II?

A

Always 5 to 3. Any time you are working with a Polymerase enzyme to build either DNA or RNA, you ALWAYS build the new strand in the 5’ - 3’ direction

51
Q

Name a large enzyme complex, made of rRNA and protein, responsible for the synthesis of polypeptides.

A

Ribosome

52
Q

Which laboratory methods is/are involved in the process of forensic profiling?

A

Gel Electrophoresis and PCR

53
Q

What purpose does an mRNA molecule serve in the cell?

A

The “m” in mRNA stands for “messenger”. As its name implies, the mRNA serves as a messenger that delivers the gene message from the DNA inside the nucleus to the Ribosomes outside the nucleus.

54
Q

Possessing a certain amino acid sequence is important for a protein to function properly and Maintaining a specific 3-dimensional configuration
. T or F

A

True

55
Q

A special RNA molecule responsible for delivering the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide.

A

TRNA

56
Q

A term describing a trio of mRNA bases that codes for a specific amino acid.

A

Codon

DNA: Identity, Disease, Design (16 decks)

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