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Virology > Viral Vaccines > Flashcards

Viral Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

true or false:
vaccination programs depend on the characteristics of the vaccine and the epidemiology of the virus

A

true

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2
Q

what are some important factors to consider when developing a vaccination program

A
  • the proportion of those vaccinated that are protected
    -duration of the protection
    -coverage achieved by the vaccination program
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3
Q

true or false:
vaccines are only protective for those who are vaccinated

A

false
even though who are not vaccinated may be protected through herd immunity

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4
Q

which type of vaccine reduces the number of visits to the clinic and also allows extensive use to vaccines against agents of secondary importance

A

multiagent vaccines

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5
Q

when does the ‘window of susceptibility’ occur in an animal’s life

A

between the time the maternal antibodies and vaccines create internal antibodies

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6
Q

which type of vaccine is abortigentic or teratogenic

A

attenuated vaccines

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7
Q

which type of vaccines should be used in pregnant animals

A

inactivated vaccines
recombinant vaccines

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8
Q

which type of vaccines contains agents capable of replicated within the horse yet have attenuated pathogenicity

A

live vaccines

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9
Q

true or false:
live vaccines stimulate a broad range of immune responses leading to a long duration of immunity

A

true

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10
Q

in what types of animals should live vaccines not be used in due to the nature of their activity

A

pregnant
immunocompromised
corticosteroid usage

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11
Q

which vaccine type is derived from the naturally occurring pathogen and are produced a number of ways

A

modified live vaccines (MLV)

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12
Q

what is another name for MLV vaccines

A

attenuated

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13
Q

where can MLV vaccines be grown

A
  1. attenuated in cell culture
  2. used of variants from other species
  3. develop temperature-sensitive mutants
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14
Q

true or false:
modified live vaccines have the ability to replicate in the host

A

true

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15
Q

true or false:
because of replication in the host, MLVs can cause clinical disease in immunocompetent individuals

A

false

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16
Q

what are some advantages of MLVs

A

-mimic natural infection
-cellular and humoral immune responses
-long immunity
- no need for numerous boosters

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17
Q

why don’t we only use MLV vaccines for everything

A

reversion to virulence due to the ability to still replicate

18
Q

what are the 4 recombinant vaccines

A
  1. live attenuated vector vaccines
  2. chimeric vaccines
  3. DNA vaccines
  4. RNA vaccines
19
Q

which recombinant vaccine is engineered by incorporation of a pathogen’s antigenic peptides into a harmless carrier virus or bacteria

A

live attenuated vector vaccine

20
Q

which recombinant vaccine is produced by substituting genes from the target pathogen for similar genes in a safe, but closely related organism

A

chimeric vaccines

21
Q

which recombinant vaccine consists of a DNA plasmid encoding a viral gene that can be expressed inside cells of the animal to be immunized

A

DNA vaccines

22
Q

which recombinant vaccine delivers an antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which will translate, process and present the antigen to the other immune cells in the adaptive branch

A

RNA vaccines

23
Q

which vaccines lack pathogenicity and can neither replicate nor spread between hosts

A

inactivated/ killed vaccines

24
Q

what is needed to keep the efficacy of an inactivated/killed vaccine good

A

multiple doses in the primary vaccinal series and regular boosters with potent adjuvants

25
Q

what are the 4 possible options of killed vaccine

A

inactivated/killed pathogen vaccine
protein vaccine
recombinant subunit vaccine
adjuvants

26
Q

what is efficacy

A

ability of a vaccine to do it’s job

27
Q

what are some factors that affect vaccine efficacy

A

heat liability
vaccination frequency
physiologic & immunologic considerations

28
Q

what is an advantage of using an adjuvant in a vaccine

A

potentiates the immune response both humoral and cellular so less amount of antigen or fewer doses are necessary

29
Q

how do adjuvants work

A
  1. prolong the release of antigen
  2. activate macrophages who secrete lymphokines
  3. attract lymphocytes
  4. induce mitogenicity for lymphocytes
30
Q

who is responsible to choose the vaccine that is most appropriate for a given situation

A

veterinarian

31
Q

who is responsible for selecting route, frequency ect. for that particular vaccine

A

manufacturer

32
Q

why are there not more antiviral drugs

A

viruses use the metabolic pathways of the host to replicate and toxins of the cell are needed to stop replication

33
Q

what can be targeted to make an antiviral

A

RT enzymes or LTRs of retroviruses

34
Q

how are viral infections in veterinary medicine treated

A

symptomatically and palliatively

35
Q

how are antiviral drugs delivered to the cells to keep them from becoming toxic

A

prodrug

36
Q

what is needed by an antiviral due to it being a prodrug

A

requires another viral-coded enzyme

37
Q

what is the most successful strategy with antiviral treatments

A

involving combination therapies targeting different aspects of viral replication

38
Q

which disinfectants work against enveloped viruses but have little effect on naked viruses

A

alcohol and detergent-based disinfectants

39
Q

what are some purposes of preserving viruses

A
  1. reference virus
  2. clinical specimens collected for diagnosis
  3. inactivate viruses for sterilization, disinfection and inactivated vaccine production
40
Q

what is ideal for long term storage of vaccines

A

lyophilization

Virology (27 decks)

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