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Anatomy > Anatomy Of Foot And Ankles: Bones, Ligaments And Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Foot And Ankles: Bones, Ligaments And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How is the foot anatomically divided?

A

Into the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges

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2
Q

How many bones does the tarsus contain?

A

7

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3
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5

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4
Q

How many phalanges are there?

A

14

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5
Q

Clinically what are the divisions of the foot?

A

Hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot

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6
Q

What makes up the hindfoot?

A

Talus and calcaneus

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7
Q

What makes up the midfoot?

A

Navicular cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

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8
Q

What makes up the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

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9
Q

What is the only foot bone that articulates with the leg bones?

A

Talus

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10
Q

What 2 directions is body weight distributed through the talus?

A
  1. Directly inferior through its body to the calcaneus
  2. Anteroinferomedially through its neck and head to a gap between the navicular and sustentaculum tali, accompanied by the spring ligament
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11
Q

T/F: the talus has no muscles attached

A

True

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12
Q

What is the largest strongest bone of the foot?

A

Calcaneus

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13
Q

Where does the calcaneus transmit the majority of body weight to?

A

The ground

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14
Q

Where is the large tuberosity of the calcaneus located?

A

Posteriorly

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15
Q

What does the calcaneus articulate with anteriorly?

A

Cuboid

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16
Q

What does the calcaneus articulate with superiorly?

A

The talus

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17
Q

What does the talar shelf (sustentaculum tali) do?

A

Helps support the talus

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18
Q

The navicular receives what?

A

The head of the talus

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19
Q

Where is the tuberosity on the navicular?

A

Medically placed

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20
Q

Which side of the foot is in contact with the ground?

A

Lateral side

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21
Q

What does the navicular contact anteriorly?

A

Three cuneiforms

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22
Q

Where is the cuboid?

A

Lateral in the distal row of the tarsus

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23
Q

Where is the tuberosity on the cuboid?

A

Inferolaterally placed

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24
Q

What is anterior to the tuberosity on the cuboid?

A

The groove for the fibularis Longus tendon

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25
Q

How many joints are there in each foot?

A

30

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26
Q

What is the most important Intertrasal joints?

A

The subtalar the transverse tarsal joint

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27
Q

What 2 joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

A

The talonavicular and calcaneocuboid

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28
Q

Explain calcaneal fractures

A

Often disrupt the subtalar joint
MOI usually due to fall, landing on the feet or heels
Fracture patterns are typically comminuted, meaning broken into several small segments

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29
Q

Explain metatarsal fractures

A

Many types and mechanisms
Dorsal side is vulnerable to falling objects- if heavy enough the metatarsals will fracture
Ballet dancers may experience fracture when the entire body weight is borne on the metatarsals
Prolonged walking may cause transverse fractures

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30
Q

What are transverse fractures called?

A

Fatigue fractures

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31
Q

Describe 5th metatarsal tuberosity allusion

A

With sudden, forceful inversion, the tendon of the fibularis brevis muscle may tear away the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
Common in basketball players and tennis players
The bone Vesalius must be differentiated from fractures

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32
Q

Fibular gliding occurs with dorsiflexion of what joint as the trocéela of the talus wedges between the malleoli

A

The talocrural joint

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33
Q

While the distal end of the fibula glides superiorly where is there obligatory movement?

A

At the proximal end

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34
Q

Where is the tibiofibular syndesmosis?

A

Distal

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35
Q

What are the “syndesmotic ligaments”

A

The anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments and the crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament

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36
Q

what is the crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament continuous with?

A

The more superior interosseous membrane

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37
Q

Which ligament forms the posterior wall of the ankle “socket” or “mortise”?

A

Inferior posterior tibiofibular ligament

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38
Q

Why is there slight separation at the inferior joint?

A

To accommodate wedging of the trochlea with dorsiflexion

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39
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

A hinge synovial joint

40
Q

How does the axis of the talocrural joint run?

A

Transversely though the malleoli

41
Q

The tibia articulates in 2 places of the trochlea which are?

A

Its inferior surface transmits body weight to the superior surface of the trochlea and its medial malleolus articulates with the media surface of the trochlea

42
Q

What is the distal continuation of the posterior tibiofibular ligament known as?

A

The inferior transverse ligament

43
Q

What are the movements at the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

44
Q

Which movement at the talocrural joint is very stable?

A

Dorsiflexion is very stable because the trochlea is widest anteriorly therefore it is wedged tightly into the mortise in this position. Plantarflexion is unstable because the more narrow posterior part of the trochlea lies loosely in the mortise in this position

45
Q

In which direction is the trochlea of the talus wider?

A

Wider anteriorly than posteriorly

46
Q

Where are the superior and medial articulations of the talocrural joint?

A

At the mortise on the talus with the tibia

47
Q

Where is the lateral articulation of the talocrural joint?

A

Between the fibula and talus

48
Q

When determining the side of the talus when looking from superiorly where does the head/neck point?

A

Towards the great toe (medially)

49
Q

Where does the medial ligament of the ankle (deltoid ligament) run?

A

From the medial malleolus and attaches distally to the talus in 2 places, calcaneus at the talar shelf, and navicular bone

50
Q

what is the deltoid ligament a check rein to?

A

Eversion of the foot

51
Q

What is the most frequently injured joint?

A

The ankle

52
Q

What do ankle sprains result from?

A

Trauma, tearing fibers of the ligaments.

53
Q

What motion causes the most common ankle sprains?

A

Inversión injuries when the weightbearing foot twists (ATFL is weakest ligament= most commonly injured)

54
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?

A

The anterior talofibular (ATFL)
The posterior talofibular (PTFL)
The calcaneofibular (CFL)

55
Q

What is the ATFL?

A

A weak band that extends from the lateral malleolus to the neck of the talus

56
Q

What is the PTFL?

A

A thick, fairly strong band running horizontally and medially from the malleolus to the lateral tubercle of the talus

57
Q

What is the CFL?

A

A round cord like structure extending from the tip of the malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus

58
Q

What movement do the lateral ligaments of the ankle check rein?

A

Hyperinversion (ATFL when plantarflexed, CFL in ankle neutral, PTFL when dorsiflexed)

59
Q

What makes up the subtalar joint?

A

The talus rests on and articulates with the calcaneuous

60
Q

Does the subtalar joint function the same anatomically and functionally?

A

no anatomically the joint is discrete and has its own capsule and articular activity via the posterior facet. Functionally it includes the talocalcaneal part of the TCN since they cannot move independently

61
Q

What are the 3 facets of the subtalar joint?

A

Anterior facet
Middle facet
Posterior facet

62
Q

The TCN and subtalar joint combined make up the majority of what motions of the foot?

A

Inversion/eversion

63
Q

Where does the axis of rotation for inv/ev?

A

Oblique from postrerolateral to anteromedial and slightly upward. Runs through the lateral malleolus, medial portion of the taras canal and middle of the navicular

64
Q

What is club foot?

A

A congenital deformity, most commonly talipes equinovarus- foot is inverted and ankle PF and forefoot adducted (like horses hoof). Results in shortened tightened muscles, tendons and ligaments on the medial side of the ankle

65
Q

What is the tarsal sinus (canal)?

A

Separa tes the the components of the clinical subtalar joint

66
Q

Where is the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament?

A

Found within the tarsal sinus attaching to both the calcaneal sulcus and talar sulcus

67
Q

When standing which tubercle of the calcaneus touches the ground?

A

Only the medial tubercle

68
Q

What is the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament?

A

Very strong and separates the true anatomic subtalar joint (posterior facet) from the talocalcaneonavicular joint. Lies within the tarsal canal

69
Q

What does the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament help do?

A

Limit eversion

70
Q

Where is the cervical ligament?

A

Lies more lateral in the tarsal canal

71
Q

What does the cervical ligament help do?

A

Limit inversion

72
Q

What is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)?

A

Extends across and fills a wedge shaped gap between the talar shelf and the inferior margin of the posterior articular surface of the navicular

73
Q

What is the long plantar ligament?

A

Runa from the calcaneus to the cubrid with some fibers extending to the bases of the lateral metatarsals. Form a tunnel for tendon of fib longus

74
Q

What is the short plantar ligament?

A

Lies in the plane between the long plantar and spring ligament. It extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid

75
Q

What do the bifurcate and dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament do?

A

Support joints on the dorsal surface of the foot

76
Q

What is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

A compound joint involving 3 bones. Ball and socket type joint that allows for rotation

77
Q

Where does gliding occur in the TCN joint?

A

Where the inferior surface of the talar head articulates with the calcaneus allowing for inversion eversion

78
Q

which 2 joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

A

the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint

79
Q

what occurs at the TTJ?

A

the midfoot and forefoot rotate as a unit on the hindfoot around a longitudinal axis (supination/pronation movements)

80
Q

what is the TTJ known as?

A

the surgeons tarsal joint since this is where amputation of the foot commonly occurs

81
Q

what type of joint is the Tarsometatarsal joint and what kind of motion occurs?

A

plane synovial joint allows little movement

82
Q

what type of joint are the MTPs and what kind of motion occurs?

A

condyloid synovial joint. allows flex/ext and abd/add

83
Q

what type of joints are the PIPs and DIPs and what kind of motion occurs?

A

hinge synovial joints that allow flex/ext

84
Q

what are the functions of the plantar arches of the foot?

A

distribute load, absorb shock, and aid in propulsion

85
Q

what bones contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?

A

talus, calcaneus, navicular, the 3 cuneiforms, and metatarsals 1-3

86
Q

what bones contribute to the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals 4-5

87
Q

what bones contribute to the transverse arch?

A

cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, and the bases of metatarsals 1-5

88
Q

what provides passive support for arches?

A

ligaments

89
Q

what provides active support for arches?

A

muscles

90
Q

what ligament contributes to the medial longitudinal arch?

A

the spring ligament

91
Q

which ligaments contributes to the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

the short and long plantar ligaments

92
Q

what muscles contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?

A

FHL tendon, FHB muscle, FDB muscle, FDL tendon, tib post and ant tendon

93
Q

what muscles contribute to the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

FDM muscles, and fib long tendon

94
Q

what muscles contribute to the transverse arch?

A

transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle, fib long tendon, tib post tendon

95
Q

what is pes planus?

A

flat feet usually resulting from over stretching of plantar ligaments and aponeurosis. the spring ligament cant fully support the talar head, and the medial longitudinal arch “falls” with the talar head displacing inferomedially. the forefoot is laterally deviated

Anatomy (22 decks)

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